Phycologia australica; or, A history of Australian sea weeds ... and a synopsis of all known Australian Algae ..

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PHYCOLOGIA AUSTRALICA ;

A History of Australian Seatuceds ;

COMPRISING

COLOURED FIGURES AND DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE MORE CHARACTERISTIC

MARINE ALGH OF NEW SOUTH WALES, VICTORIA, TASMANIA,
SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND WESTERN AUSTRALIA,

AND

A SYNOPSIS OF ALL KNOWN AUSTRALIAN ALGA.

VOL. II.,

CONTAINING PLATES LXI.-CXX.

BY

WILLIAM HENRY HARVEY, M.D., F.R:S.,

MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY, FELLOW OF THE LINN AN SOCIETY, COR. MEM. OF THE
ROYAL ACADEMIES OF UPSAL AND MUNICH; OF THE IMP. ACAD. LEOP. CHSAR. NAT, CURIOSORUM;
HON, MEM. OF THE LYCEUM OF NAT. HIST., NEW YORK, ETC. ETC. ETC.,

AND

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF DUBLIN.

LONDON:
LOVELL REEVE, HENRIETTA STREFT, COVENT GARDEN.

1859.

D TAYLOR, LITTLE QUEEN STREET,

ey j ay f win ‘ ‘ i” = ak = B i , : :
a an . ae sre ft LINCOLN’S INN FIELDS. /
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ae
Lee [Ley ALY 1a ee 4 a ‘
MA SEAT CA ea) 14, Leahy oor), &

Wi MH, mG) ‘ f eis Be i tal i
he AOL le RAP hmriiiuy ok F Ati

TO

GEORGE BENNETT, ESQ., M.D., F.LS.,

ETC. ETC.,

OF SYDNEY,

WHO, DURING A LENGTHENED PROFESSIONAL RESIDENCE IN NEW SOUTH WALES,
HAS CONTRIBUTED LARGELY TO OUR KNOWLEDGE OF THE
NATURAL HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA,
AND
WHOSE NOBLE LIBRARY OF WORKS OF REFERENCE IS LIBERALLY

OPENED TO THE USE OF STUDENTS,
The Second Volume of the ‘Phocologia Australica’

IS AFFECTIONATELY INSCRIBED BY

THE AUTHOR.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

(The Synonyms are printed in zéalics.)

VOL. IU.

Plate | Plato
Acrotylus. Chauvinia.
australis, J. 4g: .......: 99 hypnoides, Kiitz.......... 84
Abnfeldtia. SedOtdeR. Katz sis) 3's) atdsokey ec 72
sedoides, Trev. ...... 19, simpliciuscula, Kutz.. .... 65
Amansia. Chondria.
linearis, Harv. .... 108 verticillata, Havv....... 102
Amphiroa. Cladophora.
australis, Sond... 4 anastomosans, Harv.. 101
Mecachoueia. Bainesii, F. Muell. et ‘Harv. 112
ae Fan Wy valonioides, Sond. 78
Claudea.
Asper ; P
? en 1. Nee 98 Bennettiana, Harv. 61
A 5) e 4 psy eG RONT aS e z
cancellatus, Endl...... 9g | Cliftonia.
Bellet. pectinata, Harv. . 100
Eriophorum, Harv. 69 | Codium.
Binders. simpliciuscula, Grev..... 65
splachnoides, Harv 111 | Cystoclonium.
Biexecilion. pumilum, Kitz... .... 120
spartioides, Dene......... 76 | Cystophora. _
Calliblepharis. cephalornithos, J. 4. . 116
Preissiana, J. 4g. . 106 spartioides, J. Ag. 16
pannosa, Harv. .. 106 | Cystoseira.
Aan eae cephalornithos, Ag........ 116
licmophorum, Harv....... 90 5 spartioides, Ag........... 76
: asya.
Se ahaen Pars 94 hapalathrix, Harv. ....... 88
Edt ae Dasyphila
Caulerpa. TES:
Ten eee th ae 95 Preissits-Soud.s 08 ctcs ae 066
filifolia, Harv. 95 | Dasyphlea. —
geminata, Harv. . .. 72 Tasmanica, Hf. e¢ H. .... 115
Harveyi, F. Muell........ 95 | Delesseria.
MYPEOIES A. 2.22.00 94 amansioides, Sond........ 108
remotifolia, Sond......... 107 hypoglossoides, Harv. .... 87
sedoides, dy. . 72 | Dicranema.
simpliciuscula, 4g. . 65 Grevillei, Sond... . 120
vesiculifeva, Lay. 65 revolutum, J. dg... 74

72853

vi ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO VOL. II.

Dictyota.

fastigiata, Sond. .........

radicans, Harv. ....
Eneelium.

clathratum, Ag. ....

Encyothalia.

Clifton, are... .52..2

Hpymenia.
membranacea, Harv
Hrythroclonium.
Sonderi, Harv. ....
Eucheuma.
speciosum, J. dg. .
Fucus.

allantoides, R. Br. .

Biot iain el ce

cephalornithos, Lab. ..

hypnoides, R. Br. ..
sedoides, Turn. ..

simpliciuscula, Turn. . .

spartioides, Turn. ..

Genen, Ri. Bris...

Gattya.

pinnella, Harv... ..
Gelinaria.

ulvoidea, Sond. ....
Gigartina.

speciosa, Sond. ....

cre ee

PUNTA Agee. 42 5 4 0520s

Gloiosaccion.

Brown, Harv.......

Gracilaria.
dactyloides, Sond. . .
pumila, Grev......

Halodictyon.

minal, JAD «5 onc 4 oa e

cancellata, Kiitz....
Haloplegma.

IPreissil, Gui oeeiwe

Halosaccion.
Jirmum, Harv......
hydrophora, Harv. .
Halymenia.
Cliftoni, Harv. ....

Fue WOR OS

e.le nye) 0's

kallymenioides, Harv. .
ulvoidea, Kiitz.......

Hanowia.
australis, Sond... . .
Hennedya.

erispa, Harv.......,..

Plate

82
i)

98

62

89

86

120

103

Horea.

halymenioides, Harv

Hydroclathrus.

cancellatus, Bory... 5. aes

Hymenocladia.

snes, J: 2g eee

Kallymenia.

eribrosa, Harv........

Nemastoma.

comosa, Harv. ....~..

Nitophyllum.

erosum: Harp: 2) ase
Jjimbriatum, Harv. . .

Peyssonnelia.

australis, Sond........

Phyllotricha.

spartioides, Aresch. ..

Plocamium.

Preissianum, Sond. .

Plocaria.

dactyloides, Sond...

Polysiphonia.
forcipata, Harv. .

Forfex, Harv......

Ptilota.

striata, Harv......

Rhabdonia.

Sonderi, Harv. ....

Rhodophyllis.

Preissiana, Kiitz. ..

Rhodoplexia.

Preiss, Harv. .. oss:

Lthodymenia.

Preissiana, Sond. ..

Sargassum.

Raoul, Af. e¢ H. .....

Spherococcus.

dactyloides, Kiitz......

revolutus, Ag....
Sporochnus.

apodus, Harv. .......
COMOSUS, 47... cee

Thamnoclonium.

flabelliforme, Sond.... .
Lemannianum, Harv

Wrangelia.

Halurus, Harv........

nitella, Harv. .

Plate

67
98
118
713
109

94
94

8]
76
63
80

96
96

71
86
106
79
106
110

80
74:

92
104

118
114

70
105

Vil

SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. II.

SER.

Fam. Fucacee.

- Sargassum Raoulii.....

Cystophora spartioides aula aia

Cystophora cephalornithos ..

Fam. Sporochnoidee.

Bellotia Eriophorum ...

Encyothalia Cliftoni.... | Ks

SER. 2.

Kam. Rhodomelacee.

Claudea Bennettiana..........
Halodictyon australe.........
Cliftonia pectinata............
Amansia, HMeATIS: a... cone os os
Chondria verticillata.........
Polysiphonia Forfex..........
Pasyalhapalathrin!....... .-

Fam. Corallinacee.

Amphiroa australis..........

Fam. Wrangeliacee.

Wrancelia Halurus’...--. .-....
Wrancelianitella, 2.2206 005:

Fam. Spherococcoidee.

Delesseria hypoglossoides......
Nitophyllum erosum..........
Calliblepharis Preissianum..... .
Gracilaria dactyloides.........

Fam. Sguamariee.

Peyssonnelia australis ........

MELANOSPERMEA.

Plate

110 | Sporochnus apodus...........
76 | Sporochnus comosus........

Fam. Dictyotacee.

Dictyota fastigiata............
69 | Dietyota radicans:7-2 2-25... 2.
62 | Hydroclathrus cancellatus......

RHODOSPERME”.

Fam. Gelidiacee.

61 | Bucheuma SPCelOSUNt sales.
91 | Dicranema Grevillei..........
100 | Dicranema revolutum.........
108 | Hennedyacrispa.............
102 | Acrotylus australis...........
96 | Bindera splachnoides.........
88 | Thamnoclonium flabelliforme .. .
Thamnoclonium Lemannianum. .

Fam. Rhodymeniacee.

Plocamium Preissianum.......

70 Hymenocladia Usnea BRE Ssh pes
10% | Aveschougia? sedoides .......
Hrythroclonium Sonderi.......
Dasyphloea Tasmanica ........

94. Fam. Cryptonemiacee.

106 | Callophyllis coronata .........

80 | Kallymenia cribrosa..........
Gelinaria‘ulvoidea «2. ........
Gigartina pinnata..........
81 | Epymenia membranacea ..

vill SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO VOL. II.

Plate ; Plate
Gloiosaccion Brownii......... 83 Fam. Ceramiacem,
Halymenia Cliftoni........... 103 | Haloplegma Preissti.......... 79
Nemastoma? comosa......... 109 | Dasyphila Preissii ........... 66
Horea halymenioides ........ 67 | Ptilota? striata ............. @1
Gattya'pinnellay 2. a...) es 93 | Callithamnion licmophorum.... 90

Ser. 3. CHLOROSPERMEA.

Fam. Siphonacee. Fam. Confervacee.
Caulerpa remotifolia ......... 107 | Cladophora valonioides........ 78
Caulerpa simpliciuscula ....... 65 | Cladophora anastomosans...... 101
Caulerpa hypnoides .......... 84 | Cladophora Bainesii.......... 112
CaulerpasHarveyl. .. 82/40. 0.- “90

Caulerpa sedoides............ 172

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Ser. RHODOSPERME. . Fam. Rhodomelacee.

Puate LXI.
CLAUDEA BENNETTIANA, Zarv.

Gen. Cuar. Frond stipitate ; stipes filiform, merging in the marginal rib
of a flat, unilateral, open network, formed of several series of anasto-
mosing, slender leaflets. Lructification: 1, ceramidia containing
within a membranaceous pericarp a tuft of pear-shaped spores ; 2, s¢7-
chidia formed from the bars of the network, and studded with trian-
gularly parted tetraspores in transverse rows.—Craupna (Lamour.),
in honour of Claude Lamouroux, father of the botanist of that name.

Frons stipite donata. Stipes filiformis, mox in costam marginalem reticuli plana
Jenestrati, ex foliolis minutis pluriseriatim-secundis uninerviis anastomosantibus
Jormati, abiens. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia; 2, stichidia inter trabeculas reticult
seriata, tetrasporas triangule divisas transversim ordinatas foventia.

Craupga Bennetiiana ; frond stipitate, shortly acinaciform, lobato-dentate,
oblique, unilateral, with a short recurved marginal rib, and numerous
secondary ribs digitately radiating from the primary, and dividing the
network into cuneate areas; primary leaflets of each area parallel, the
secondary and tertiary decussately anastomosing, repeatedly divided ;
meshes of the net acutangular.

C. Bennettiana ; fronde (unciali) stipitata breviter acinaciformi lobulato-den-
tata obliqua unilaterali costa brevi marginali costulisque pluribus a costa digi-
tatim radiantibus instructa, reticulum in areas cuneatas designantibus ; foliolis
primariis parallelis, secundariis decussatim anastomosantibus repetite divisis ;
angulis omnibus acutis.

Has. Once dredged in the Paramatta river, near the east end of Spectacle
Island, Port Jackson, W. H. H., and W. Sheridan Wall, 1855.

Groar. Distr. New South Wales.

Descr. Root branching. Frond, in the only specimen seen, about an inch in
length, and rather less in breadth, on a stipes less than + inch long, erect,
consisting of a single shortly scimitar-shaped network, formed by the anasto-
mosing of several (5-6) series of secund, filiform leafiets. The primary
leaflet, forming the costa of the network, is recurved, rather more than } inch
long ; from its upper or convex side spring about ten (but in a full-grown net-
work they would be more numerous) secondary coste (costule), which di-
verge in an imperfectly digitate manner from the primary, and traverse the
breadth of the net, dividing it into cuneiform spaces whose outer margin is
deeply toothed and slightly arched in outline: in older leaves each cuneate
space would probably become a shallow lobe. The form of the full-growa
frond would probably be between scimitar- and fan-shaped. Returning to
the diverging costule : each costula emits from its lower surface, at an acute

angle, numerous parallel filiform leaflets, which continue to the margin, and
end each in the top of one of the marginal teeth ; these are connected by sub-
parallel cross bars, which are again irregularly connected by one, two, or
three series of lesser bars; and the net is then completed. The meshes are
of irregular shape, and acutely angled. The colour is a full-lake. The sud-
stanee is membranaceous, and the frond adheres closely to paper in drying.
No fructification has been seen.

EIEIO Owe

Of this beautiful and curious species I have seen but a single
specimen, of which the upper figure in our Plate is an exact
facsimile as to form and size. It is obviously only in a young
state, and probably the fully developed frond would be of differ-
ent shape and considerably larger. Its characters are, however,
so strongly marked, that its specific entity cannot be questioned.
From the other species of Claudea (C. elegans and C. multifida)
it is at once known, besides other characters, by the decussate
pattern of its reticulation. In the pattern there is more resem-
blance to Vanvoorstia spectabilis, but the evolution is distinctly
that of a Claudea, not of Vanvoorstia.

The specific name is bestowed in honour of my valued friend
Dr. George Bennett, of Sydney, well known as an accomplished
naturalist, and from whom I experienced much kindness during
my visit to New South Wales. I trust the publication of this
figure may lead to further information respecting this very re-
markable and, at present, unique Alea.

Fig. 1. Chaupra Bennerriana,—the natural size. 2. A portion of the net-
work,—magnified. 3. A small fragment,—more highly magnified.

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Ser. MELANOSPERMES. Fam. Sporochnoidea.

Prats LXII.
ENCYOTHALIA CLIFTONI, dav.

Grn. Cuan. Frond filiform, solid, alternately branched; branches beset
with penicillate, setaceous ramelli. eceptacle one or two in each
branch, cylindrical, investing the middle portion of the branch, and
consisting of simple, vertical, densely crowded paranemata. Syores
attached to the paranemata, oblong, transversely striate-—Hncyo-
THALIA (Harv.), from eyxvos, pregnant, and @ados, a branch; the
fertile branches are swollen.

Frons filiformis, solida, alterne ramosa; ramis ramellis setaceis penicillato-
comosis per totam longitudinem obsessis. Receptaculum in quoque ramo
unicum, cylindraceum, mediam partem rami circumvestiens, ex paranematibus
simplicibus verticalibus dense stipatis constitutum. Spore ad paranemata
laterales, oblonge, transversim striate.

Encyornarta Cliftoni, Harv.
Has. Cast ashore from deep water, at Fremantle, George Clifton, Esq.

Grocr. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root, a large conical disc, {-} inch in diameter, thickly clothed with

hard, woolly fibres. Stem filiform, stupose at base, glabrous upwards, half
a line or more in diameter, 1 or 2 feet long, simple, but furnished with nu-
merous lateral branches, and beset with slender setaceous ramelli, which in
a young state bear at the summits tufts of confervoid filaments. Branches
alternate or irregularly inserted, virgate, quite simple, a foot or more in
length, stupose at their origin, then glabrous and beset, like the stem, with
setaceous, pencil-crowned ramelli. Ramelli inserted on all sides of the
stem and branches, from’ 4—% inch long, spreading, bristle-shaped, mi-
nutely dilated at the summit ; crowned with a dense pencil of very slender,
articulated, soft filaments, which at length fall away. Receptacles one or
two in each branch, sausage-shaped, occupying the middle region of the
branch, and wholly formed of minute paranemata, whorled round the branch,
and, in fact, formed out of elongations of the epidermal cells. To these
paranemata, which are simple, with a sphacelate terminal cell, are laterally
attached the oblong, obtuse spores, which at first are partly transparent,
containing a few granules, and afterwards become more opaque, filled with
endochrome. Colour of the branches and fruit a dark-olive ; of the confer-
void filaments somewhat paler. Swdstance rather rigid, the branches im-
perfectly adhering to paper ; the pencils of the ramelli very soft, and closely
adhering to paper in drying.

Here, with much of the external aspect of a Sporochnus, we
have a perfectly new and distinct genus, more nearly related to
Bellotia (to be figured im our next number) than to any other ;
but so different from that in habit, that its claim to separation
will be readily admitted. From Sporochnus it differs in the
position and structure of the receptacle ; from Bel/otia in the
evolution of the branches, and the possession of lateral, brush-
like ramelli. It establishes therefore a generic type almost ex-
actly intermediate between Sporochnus and Bellotia, but far
from uniting these genera, it rather strengthens the characters
on which they have been respectively established.

This is one of the many discoveries we owe to Mr, Clifton, of
Western Australia, who is indefatigable in investigating the algo-
logical treasures of that colony, and from whom, while this sheet
is passing through the press, I have received an additional batch
of interesting Algee, among which is another new genus, which
I purpose hereafter to figure under the name Cliftonia. Mean-
time the present species is gratefully and deservedly dedicated
to its discoverer.

Fig. 1. Encyoruatta Currroni,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a receptacle,
with penicillate ramuli im situ. 3. Some of the paranemata, with spores
attached:—the latter figures variously magni/ied.

‘Vincent Brocks, Imp,

Ser. RHoDOsPERMES. Fam. Rhodymeniacee.

Prats LXITL.
PLOCAMIUM PREISSIANUM, Song.

Gen. Cuar. Hrond membranaceo-cartilaginous, linear, plano-compressed,
pinnately decompound ; the pinnules alternately secund, in pairs or in
threes or fours; composed of two strata of cells; the inner cells ob-
long, longitudinal ; the outer polygonal, coloured, small. Fractifica-
tion: 1, conceptactes sessile or pedicellate, hemispherical, with a cel-
lular pericarp finally opening by a pore; sporiferous filaments nume-
rous, radiating in several tufts from a basal placenta; 2, tetraspores
lodged in proper spore-leaves (s¢7chidia), oblong, transversely zoned. —
Procamium (Lyngé.), from wroKapos, a tuft of hair.

rons membranaceo-cartilaginea, linearis, plano-compressa, pinnatim composita,
pinnis alterne geminis ternis quaternisve, duplici strato contexto; cellulis
interioribus majoribus oblongis longitudinalibus, superficialibus coloratis mi-
nutis polygonis. Fr.: 1, cystocarpia sessilia v. pedicellata, hemispherica, peri-
carpio celluloso demum carpostomio munita, fila sporigera fasciculata a pla-
centa basali radiantia foventia ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in sporophyllis
propris nidulantes.

Procamium Preissianum ; frond obsoletely costate, decompound-pinnate,
pinne: and pinnules alternately ternate or quaternate ; the pinnules
cultrate, subacute, denticulate on the outer edge, slightly falcate ;
spore-leaves fascicled in the axils of the pinnules, pedicellate, simple,
arched, acute at each end, with a single row of tetraspores ; concep-
tacles sessile, supra-axillary, warted.

P. Preissianum ; fronde medio incrassata via costata decomposito-pinnata, pinnis
pinnulisque alterne ternis quaternisve ; pinnulis cultratis subfalcatis apice
extrorsum denticulatis acutiusculis ; sporophyllis axillaribus fasciculatis pedi-
cellatis simplicibus arcuatis basi et apice acutis, serie simplici tetrasporas ge-
rentibus ; cystocarpus sessilibus supra-axillaribus verrucosis.

PiLocaMivM Preissianum, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.192. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 885.
J. Ag. Sp. Alg.v. 2. p.399. Harv. Aly. Austr. Exsic. n. 362.

Has. Western Australia, Preiss. Very abundant at King George’s Sound ;
and near Freemantle, and at Rottnest Island, West Australia, W. H. H.,
G. Clifton, ete. South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Western Port, Vic-
toria, W. H. H.

Geoar. Dist. Western and southern coasts of Australia.

Distr. Root much branched. Fronds tufted, 1-2 feet high, and a foot or more
in expansion, somewhat flabelliform in outline, of a firmly membranous or
subcartilaginous substance, decompoundly branched, distichous, everywhere

preserving a breadth of from 1-2 lines. Ramification irregular, sometimes
dense, with the branches very much divided, and their divisions closely
crowded; sometimes more simple, with fewer and more distant branches.
In all cases however the laciniz of the frond are either ternate or quater-
nate, in which case the uppermost of the three secund laciniz has a tendency
to lengthen into a branch, while the lower remain as cultrate, tooth-like
processes. The ultimate pinnules are 1-2 lines long, incurved or somewhat
faleate, subacute, and more or less distinctly toothed along their outer edge,
or rarely subentire. Faint indications of a midrib are seen in some spe-
cimens in the pinne ; and inold fronds the stem and the principal branches
are thickened in the middle and plano-convex. The conceptacles are soli-
tary, about as large as poppy-seed, dark-coloured and very opaque, warted,
and sessile on the edges of the branches ; they are very irregularly scattered,
occurring either above or in the axil of the pinnules or on the opposite edge
of the branch: their pericarp is very thick. The st¢ichidia are more con-
tantly in the axils, and are falcato-fusiform, simple, tufted, containing a
single row of tetraspores. The colour is a brilliant crimson, becoming
brighter in fresh-water.

PRRs

The genus Plocanium, which has but one representative in the
northern hemisphere, has many southern species, distributed
chiefly in Australia and South Africa. Of these the present is
a beautiful and readily known and abundant species, differing
from most of the Australian kinds in having sessile conceptacles,
and ramuli alternating in ¢hrces, not in twos. In both these
characters it agrees with the cosmopolitan P. coccineum, from
which it is readily known by the warted conceptacles and denti-
culate edges of the ramuli.

Fig. 1. PLocamium Preisstanum,—the natural size. 2. Part of a pinna, with
conceptacles. 3. Vertical section through a conceptacle and branch. 4. Part
of a pinna with axillary stichidia. 5. Three of the stichidia removed.
6. A tetraspore :—the latter figures variously magnified.

Ser. RHoposPpERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee.

Piate LXIV.
EUCHEUMA SPECIOSUM, «4.

Gen. Cuar. Frond shrub-like, carnoso-cartilaginous, horny when dry,
spiny or tubercled, solid, composed of three strata; the medullary
stratum, of densely interwoven, elongated, anastomosing, longitudinal
filaments ; the ctermediate, of several layers of roundish, angular
cells, gradually smaller outwards; the cortical, of minute, coloured
cellules set in radiating filaments, at right angles to the axis. Fruc-
tification: 1, conceptacles subglobose, sessile on the ramuli, contain-
ing, within a very thick pericarp, a central placenta (becoming hollow
in the middle), to which tufts of spore-threads are attached ; spores
seriated or solitary, oblong or subpyriform; 2, zonate te¢raspores,
immersed in the cortical stratum.—Hucunuma (J. 4g.), from ev,
intensitive, and yevja, that may be melted ; because the species may
be dissolved to a jelly. |

Frons fruticosa, carnoso-cartilaginea, subcornea, immerse costata, spinosa v.
papillosa, triplict strato constituta; medullari filis elongatis intertextis
anastomosantibus ; intermedio cellulis rotundato-angulatis extus minoribus ;
corticali cellulis minutis in fila verticalia conjunctis. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia
subglobosa, sessilia, inter pericarpium crassum fila sporifera fasciculata ex

placenta centrali emissa foventia ; sporis subseriatis, ovalibus v. pyriformibus ;
2, tetraspore zonatim divise, sparse.

Kucueuma speciosum ; frond polymorphous, terete or compressed, irregu-
larly constricted or nodose, subdichotomous ; branches tapering at
base, thickest in the middle, once or twice compound, beset on all
sides with slender, setaceous, simple or branched processes, or tuber-
culated ; conceptacles mostly terminating the filiform ramenta, spinous
or papillate.

E. speciosum; fronde polymorpha tereti v. compressa constricta v. nodosa sub-
dichotoma ; ramis basi angustatis medio incrassatis ramosis ramulis setaceis
indefinitis tuberculisve plus minus obsessis ; cystocarpiis papillosis ramulos
sepius terminantibus.

KucuEvuma speciosum, J. 4y. Sp. Alg.v. 2. p. 629. Harv. Alg. Austr. Easic.
n. 347.

GiGaRTINA speciosa, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.115. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 151.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Fremantle and Rottnest Island,
Western Australia, Preiss, W. H. H., ete.

Grocer. Distr. Western Australia.

Drscr. Root? Frond 6-12 inches long, robust, shrubby, somewhat fastigiate,
but very irregularly branched, either much or little divided, and varying
from one to five or six lines in diameter, terete or compressed. Sometimes
the whole frond consists of ellipsoidal, obtusely tuberculed or papillate,
swollen portions, strung together by slender, cylindrical necks; the ter-
minal swellings more or less bristling with filiform ramenta. Sometimes
the swellings have a spindle shape, and are several times longer than their
diameter ; the narrow parts proportionally short. Again, specimens occur
which are but little swollen, and only constricted at the insertion of the
branches ; these are generally more slender than ordinary specimens, and
more copiously beset with spine-like ramenta. Flattened specimens are
less common. The ramenta vary greatly in density and in their develop-
ment; when copious they completely clothe the branches (much more
densely than our figure represents), and are from quarter to half an inch
long, and more or less branched. In other specimens they are mere knobs,
or disappear altogether. Conceptacles about as large as poppy-seed, tuber-
culate, borne on the ramenta; becoming hollow in the centre, and contain-
ing numerous tufts of spores, ranged round a central placenta; spores
pyriform. Colowr, when quite fresh, a dark livid-purple; changing on
exposure to scarlet, orange, yellow, and white. Swdstance cartilaginous
when fresh, horny and semitransparent when dry. It does not adhere to
paper in drying.

eee

Very variable in habit and in colour; but, once seen, easily
recognized under all its shapes. This is the “ /edly-plant”’ of
the colonists of Western Australia, who use it in the manufac-
ture of jellies and blancmanges, as Chondrus crispus (Carrageen)
is used in England; and as Gracilaria lichenoides and others
are used in the Hast. All yield, on long boiling, mucilages of
a similar description, containing (according to the analysis of
Dr. Apjohn) nitrogen in considerable quantity, and therefore
having a fair claim to be regarded as nourishing food.

Fig. 1. EucHeuMA spEeciosuM,—the natural size. 2. Fragment with ramenta
and conceptacles. 3. Section through a conceptacle. 4. Spores from one
of the spore-tufts :—the latter figures variously magnified.

Ser. CHLOROSPERMES, Fam. Siphonacee.

Puate LXV.
CAULERPA SIMPLICIUSCULA, ~%.

Gun. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate surcudi rooting from their lower
surface and throwing up erect branches or secondary fronds of various
shapes. Substance horny-membranous, destitute of calcareous matter.
Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strengthened inter-
nally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and filled with
semifluid grumous matter. ructification unknown.—CavuLErPa
(Lamour.), from KavXos, a stem, and ép7ra, to creep.

Frons ex surculis prostratis hie illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis
formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellule

membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomo-
santibus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota.

CauLERPA simpliciuscula ; surculus robust, glabrous; fronds erect, cylin-
drical, papillated, subsimple or sparingly branched; branches alter-
nate, equal, obtuse, subcorymbose ; every portion of stem and branch
densely covered with minute, ellipsoidal ramenta,

C. simpliciuscula ; swrculo robusto glabro; fronde erecta cylindracea papillata
simpliciuscula v. sparsim ramosa ; ramis erectis alternis equalibus obtusis sub-
corymbosis, cum caule ubique ramentis minutis ellipsoideis densissime velatis.

CAULERPA simpliciuscula, 4g. Sp. Alg.v. 1. p. 439; Syst. p. 182. Endl.
3rd Suppl. p.16. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 561.

CHAUVINIA simpliciuscula, Kvitz. Sp. Alg. p. 499.

Copium simpliciusculum, Grev. Syn. p, Ixvii.

Fucus simpliciusculus, &. Br. i Turn. Hist, t. 175.

Var. B. vesiculifera ; more slender, with much larger ramenta.
Var. B. vesiculifera; gracilior, ramentis quadruplo majoribus.
CAULERPA vesiculifera, Harv. MS. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 560,

Has. In deep tide-pools near low-water mark. On the “Jetty” reef,
Rottnest Island, W. Australia; also at Port Fairy ; Port Phillip
Heads and Western Port, Victoria, VW. H. H. ‘Tasmania, Mr. Gunn,
W. H. H., etc. S. Australia, Dr. Curdie. Var. B. at Western Port
and in Tasmania.

Grocer. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania.

Desor. Surculi a line or more in diameter, branched, several inches long, densely
matted, with frequent rooting processes, glabrous, pale-green, glossy when
dry. Fronds from an inch to 6—12 inches or more in length, from 1-3 or
4 lines in diameter, cylindrical, obtuse, of equal diameter throughout,

sparingly and very irregularly branched, and everywhere densely clothed
with minute papilleeform ramenta. The branches are remarkably erect, and
their summits frequently stand at a level, giving a corymbose character to
the frond; they are alternate, or opposite, or secund, and are occasionally
binate. In var. 8 the ramenta are much larger than in the ordinary form,
more swollen and more loosely set, but they are of the usual elliptical form,
and intermediate states are found. The colowf is a pale-green in var. a; and
a much fuller and darker green in 8. The swdstance of both is firm, be-
coming rigid when dry, in which state the frond does not adhere to paper.

III enrnnnnm

This plant varies but little in its ramification, but, at different
depths of water, it varies greatly in its diameter, and im the
closeness or laxity and the size of the oval ramenta that cover
its branches. When growing in shallow tide-pools, near the
summit of the reef, it is greatly dwarfed, but not otherwise
changed. The slender varieties are from deep water. The var.
8, which I had at one time felt disposed to separate specifically,
grew in deep tide-pools near low-water mark, and was of so
much more brilliant colour and more lubricous substance than
var. a, and had such large ramenta, that, when growing, it
looked very different. Afterwards I found some intermediate
specimens that connected it with the normal form.

Though common in many places along the west and south
coasts of Australia, C. simpliciuscula has, until very recently,
been only known to most botanists by Turner’s figure and de-
scription.

Fig. 1. CAULERPA SIMPLICIUSCULA, the normal form,—zaéural size. 2. One
of its ramenta,—magnified. 3. Var. B. VESICULIFERA,—the natural size.
4. One of its ramenta,—magnified to the same scale as fig. 2.

a ee a ee

“t

‘

Ser. RHODOSPERMEZ. Fam. Ceramiacea.

Pirate LXVI.
DASYPHILA PREISSII, Song.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, distichous, decompound-pinnate, inarticulate,
fibroso-cellular, with an articulated monosiphonous axis; the surface
densely clothed with articulated, free, hair-like ramelli. Mructifica-
tion: 1, involucrate favella, terminating short branches, and contain-
ing numerous angular spores ; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, formed at the
tips of the investing ramellii—Dasypnita (Soud.), from Sdacus,
hury, and direw, to love ?

Frons filiformis, disticha, decomposite pinnata, inarticulata, fibroso-cellulosa, axt
articulato monosiphonio percursa, et filis minutis ramosis articulatis undique

vestita. Fruct.: 1, favelle involucrate (ut in Ptilota) ; 2, tetraspore ex arti-
culis terminalibus filorum formate, triangule divise.

Dasyrutna Preissiz, Sond.

Dasypuita Preissii, Sond. in Mohl and Sch. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p.53. Sond. in
Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p.169. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p.673. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 104.
Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 483.

Has. On the stems of the larger Alge, in deep water. Western Aus-
tralia, common, Preiss! W.H.H., etc. Port Phillip Heads, and
Western Port, Victoria, W. H. H.

Gerocr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root discoid. Frond 4-8 inches long, and as much in the expansion of
the branches, filiform, half a line in diameter, opaque, everywhere velvety
with a thick coating of minute, irregularly branched, hair-like ramelli. The
ramification is distichous, and several times pinnately compounded, the
branches and their divisions being all alternate. The primary pinne are of
unequal length and development, long and short occurring on the same
branch, the shorter being but once or twice pinnulate, the longer thrice or
four times. The pinne and pinnules are patent ; the axils obtuse ; and the
ultimate pinnules subulate, nearly horizontal, and 1-2 lines in length. The
ramelli are microscopical, irregularly branched, articulate, confervoid, with
the joints scarcely twice as long as broad. The stem is composed as follows:
a single axial tube of large diameter, articulated and containing endochrome,
runs through the whole frond, sending branches to each of its divisions ;
round this are densely packed innumerable longitudinal, articulated, coloured
filaments of small diameter; then a single, double, or triple circle of larger
longitudinal filaments; and lastly, the cortical layer, of various thickness,
composed of slender filaments similar to those that invest the axis, and ex-
ternally emitting the free, horizontal ramelli that form the velvety surface.
The favelle are borne, 2 or 3 together, on the tips of short branches, where

they are densely involucrated with slender, hair-like, incurved ramelli. The
tetraspores occur abundantly, on separate individuals, on the tips of the ra-
melli, of the branches, and ramuli. The colour is a dark vinous red-brown.
The substance is rigid, and the frond very imperfectly adheres to paper in
drying.

eee

ey

This handsome plant might, without much violence, be con-
sidered as a species of Ptilofa, from which genus Dasyphila
differs merely by having the frond externally covered with a
velvety stratum of microscopic filaments. There is no essential
difference in the fructification, especially if we compare it with
our Péilota striata (Plate LX XI.), which may almost be regarded
as a glabrous “ Dasyphila,’—if such were admissible.

In the generic character of Dasyphila, 1 have omitted minutely
to describe the cellular structure of the stem, because in Pélota
—so nearly allied—this is a character little regarded ; for, if at-
tended to, it would necessitate the formation of several genera
out of the species now grouped under Pé/ota. When we come
to figure more of the Australian species of that genus, this fact
will be apparent, and would be still more so did our figures ex-
tend to all known species. Still, I am not at all disposed to
break up so natural an assemblage as Pti/ota appears to be, by
too strict an examination into a purely anatomical character.
When anatomical characters are accompanied by difference of
fruit and of habit, they are valuable aids in limiting genera ; but
alone, they seem scarcely sufficient.

Fig. 1. Dasyputta Pretsst1,—the natural size. 2. Cross section of a branch.
3. Longitudinal semi-section. 4. Tips of branches, bearing favelle. 5. A
favella, with involucral ramelli. 6. Spores from the same. 7. A ramellus
with tetraspores. 8. One of its fertile segments removed :—the latter
figures variously magnified.

Plate LAVIL

“Vincent Brooks, imp.

Ser. RuoposPEeRMEZ. Fam. Cryptonemiace @

Puate LXVII.
HOREA HALYMENIOIDES, Harv.

Gen. Cuan. Frond fleshy-membranous, plano-compressed, composed of
three strata of cells; the medullary stratum, of large, empty, thin-
walled cells (often ruptured) ; the zztermediate, of several rows of
smaller, coloured, angular cells ; the cortical, of vertical, dichotomous,
moniliform filaments, set in gelatine. ructification: 1, favelle
within a proper external pericarp crowned with spines, and opening
by a pore, attached to a basal placenta, invested with cobwebby inter-
woven filaments, and containing angular spores; 2, cruciate ¢etra-
spores, dispersed among the filaments of the cortical stratum.— HorEa
(Harv.), in honour of the Rev.W. 8. Hore, an accomplished naturalist.

Frons carnoso-membranacea, plano-compressa, ex stratis tribus cellularum compo-
sita ; stratum medullare cellulis maximis inanibus demum sepe ruptis, interme-
dium cellulis pluriseriatis minoribus coloratis, corticale filis moniliformibus ver-

. ticalibus dichotomis muco cohibitis formatum. Fruct.: 1, favelle intra peri-
carpium eaternum apice spinis coronatum poro pertusum, ad placentam basalem

affixe, filis arachnoideis laxe circumdate, sporas conglobatas angulares foventes ;
2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise.

Horza halymenioides ; frond dichotomous, rose-red, membranaceous; the
segments attenuate, decompound-pinnate, pinnee and pinnules slender,
divaricate, patent, attenuate, acute, sometimes inosculating ; concep-
tacles 4—5-horned, very numerous.

H. halymenioides ; fronde dichotoma v. vage divisa rosea gelatinoso-mem-
branacea ; laciniis attenuatis decomposito-pinnatis ; pinnis pinnulisque diva-
ricato-patentibus attenuatis acutis nunc spurie anastomosantibus, pinnulis
setaceis.

Horea halymenioides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 555; Alg.
Austr. Exsic. n. 437.

Has. Cast up from deep water, after storms. Fremantle, common,

W.H.#H., G. Clifton. King George’s Sound, VW. H. H.
Groar. Distr. West and south-west coasts of Australia.

Descr. Fronds densely tufted, 6-8 inches long, polymorphous, excessively vari-
able in the amount of ramification. The primary division of the frond is
dichotomous, and is often very regularly forked, the lacinie varying in
breadth from 2-4 lines, and tapering gradually to the apex. Sometimes
the margin of this forked frond is perfectly simple and entire; but more
frequently it emits laterally pinnate lacinule, which gradually lengthen and
become again pinnulate with greater or less regularity. All the divisions

are remarkably patent; those of the pinne divaricated, and all taper to
the extremity. In some specimens the whole surface of the dichotomous
primary leaf, as well as the margin, emits slender, divaricating, much
branched segments; and in others the frond is resolved into an inextricable
mat of such much-branched and often almost filiform laciniz, which fre-
quently adhere together by their sides or tips, and at length inosculate. In
other specimens the dichotomous portion is very narrow; and the marginal
lacinize short and hair-like; the whole frond simulating a Hypnea! The
conceptacles are generally marginal, sessile, scattered, with a 4—5-horned
crown, semi-transparent, and containing a dark-red mass of spores. The
cruciate ¢e¢raspores are scattered irregularly among the cells of the cortical
layer. The colour is generally a clear rosy-red, sometimes blood-red, and
gccasionally with a purplish tinge. The substance soft, somewhat gelatinous,
but not soon decomposing. In drying, the plant adheres closely to paper,
and is glossy.

With the semi-gelatinous substance, colour, and habit of a

Halymenia, the genus here illustrated differs both in anatomical
structure and in fruit; and all the four species now known agree
in the curiously Aorned or crowned conceptacles. The present
species is extremely variable in the breadth and ramification of
the secondary lacimiz, and several varieties might be enumerated,
all connected however by intermediate forms, varymg from the
broad and simple to the nearly fihform, much branched, and en-
tangled. Sometimes indeed the frond is resolved into an inex-
tricable mat of slender branches, which everywhere stick toge-
ther by discs, and actually grow one into the other.

Hlorea speciosa and H. polycarpa, bemg figured in the ‘ Flora

of ‘Tasmania,’ will not be repeated in the present work.

Fig. 1. Horza HALYMENIOIDES,—the natural size. 2. Part of a fertile frond,

—somewhat magnified. 3. Section through a pericarp and portion of the
frond,—more highly magnified.

——— a a

22ree ot~

eos

Ser. RuoposPERMES. Fam. Cryptonemiacea.

Puate LXVIII.
GIGARTINA PINNATA, 4.

Gen. Cuar. Frond carnoso-cartilaginous, flat or cylindrical, simple or
variously branched, composed of two strata of cells; the medullary
stratum, of cylindrical, articulated filaments, anastomosing into a
very lax network ; the cortical, of moniliform, vertical, dichotomous
filaments set in firm gelatine. ructification: 1, external, globose,
finally perforate conceptacles, containing within a saccate placenta (?)
formed of closely interwoven filaments, a compound nucleus consist-
ing of many confluent nzc/eoli, or masses of roundish-angular spores ;
2, cruciate tetraspores, collected into dense, subprominent sori,
lodged beneath the superficial cells—Gricartina (Lamour.), from
yeyaprov, a grape-stone, which the conceptacles resemble.

Frons carnoso-cartilaginea, plana v. cylindracea, ramosa, ex stratis duobus
cellularum composita; stratum medullare ex filis tenuibus cylindraceis laxe
anastomosantibus, corticale ex filis moniliformibus verticalibus dichotomis
formatum. Fruct.: 1, favellidia intra pericarpium externum carpostomio
pertusum eacepta, filis arachnoideis intertextis obvoluta ; 2, tetraspore cru-
ciatim divise in soros subprominentes infra stratum corticale nidulantes
plurime collecte.

GicaRrtINA pinnata; frond flattened, linear, decompound-pinnate ; pinne
and pinnules distichous, linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the base and
apex, patent, obtuse; conceptacles sessile, marginal, depressed, um-
bilicate.

G. pinnata ; fronde complanata lineari decomposite pinnata ; pinnis pinnulisque
distichis lineari-lanceolatis basi angustatis patentibus obtusis ; cystocarpiis
sessilibus marginalibus depressis umbilicatis.

GIGARTINA pinnata, J. dg. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 270. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic.
n. 399.

Has. Port Phillip Heads, Malm., W.H.H. South Australia, Dr. Curdie.
Tasmania, Mr. Gunn.

Groer. Distr. Southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania.

Desor. Root discoid. Fronds tufted, 1-2 feet in length, flattened, from 2 to
nearly + inch in breadth, twice, thrice, or four times pinnate. Pine
and pinnule strictly distichous, issuing from the margin of the flattened
frond, unequal in size and development, large and small occurring inter-
mixed ; the larger 8-10 inches long or more. The pinnules are narrower,
somewhat thickened in the middle, but not cylindrical: they vary much in
breadth and in shape, being sometimes broadly lanceolate and sometimes

nearly linear. Both forms occur together, and sometimes on the same
specimen. Cystocarps generally occur on the narrower varieties, and mostly
on the margins of the smaller pinnules. Agardh describes the sori of
tetraspores as being linear and marginal. The colour is a deep vinous
red-brown. The sudstance is firm, cartilaginous, horny when dry; and the
plant does not adhere to paper.

In the genus Gigartina, as now understood, are retained a
considerable number of species, dispersed over most parts of
the world, from the tropics to high northern and southern lati-
tudes ; differmg very much in external habit, but all agreeing in
structure and fructification, and in the livid- or brownish-purple
colour of the frond. Some (like @. radula), have broad, simple
leaves, resembling those of an Jridea; others have flabelliform
fronds like those of a Chondrus or Gymnogongrus ; others are
shrubby and irregularly branched, like a Gracilaria ; and others,
again, in the regularly pinnated and distichous ramification, like
our G. pinnata, remind us of the Laurencie. The present is
one of the finest of the Australian kinds, and would require a
folio plate to do it full justice. It varies considerably, and I
shall not be surprised if future observations, made on the shores
of Australia, should compel the union of G. ivida and some
others with it.

Vig. 1. Gigartina PINNATA, a branch,—of the natural size. 2. Fertile branchlet
of a larger frond,—natural size. 3. A ramulus, with conceptacle. 4.
Section through conceptacle, showing structure of frond and favellidium.
5. Spores. 6. Portion of the cortical layer and medullary network,—the
latter figures variously magnified.

Plate LX.

Ser. MELANOSPERMEZ, Fam. Sporochnacee,

Piate LXIX.
BELLOTIA ERIOPHORUM, Zar.

Grn. Cuar. Frond filiform, solid, umbellately branched; the branches
crowned with a tuft of penicillate filaments. Receptacle solitary in
each branch, cylindrical, surrounding the middle portion of the branch,
composed of simple, vertical, densely crowded paranemata. Spores
on the sides of the paranemata, oblong, transversely striate-—BxrLLo-
tia (Harv.), in memory of Lieut. Bellot, of the French Navy, who
volunteered his services in one of the Franklin searching voyages,
and perished in the Polar Sea.

Frons filiformis, solida, umbellatim ramosa; apicibus ramorum fasciculato-
comosis. Receptaculum in quoque ramo unicum, cylindricum, mediam partem
rami circumvestiens, e paranematibus simplicibus verticalibus dense stipatis
constitutum. Spore ad paranemata lateraliter affize, oblonga, transversim
striate.

Bexiotta Hriophorum, Harv.

Betxiotia Eriophorum, Harv. in An. Sc, Nat. ser. 2. v.15. p. 332. Harv. in
Hook. fil. Flor. Tasm. cum icone (ined.). Harv. Alg. Austr. Euxsic. n. 48,
Mont. in Compt. Rendus, (v. 40.) 9 ap. 1855.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Port Phillip Heads, Dr. F. Mueller
and W.H. H. Western Port, abundantly, V7. H.H. Georgetown,
Tasmania, very rare, 2. Guan, Hsq., Charles Henty, Esq.

Goer. Distr. Bass’s Straits, both sides of Channel,

Descr. Root densely clothed with woolly fibres. Fronds, many from the same
base, 1-2 feet long, twice as thick as hog’s-bristle, terete, nearly equal in
diameter throughout, twice or thrice umbellately decompound. Umdbels with
twenty to thirty rays or more, young rays being successively evolved from
the end of the axis or base of umbel; each ray 2-4 inches long, spreading,
tomentose at its base, afterwards quite naked and smooth to the summit,
which is crowned with a very dense, globular, penicillate tuft of slender ar-
ticulate filaments, from 3—% of an inch in diameter. These tufts are so
dense, that when expanded with water they hold it like a sponge; the fila-
ments of which they are composed are of byssoid fineness, and very flaccid ;
on old branches they are found in various stages of decay, and at length
fall off, leaving a callosity from which a new umbel of rays may spring.
The receptacle of the fruit is formed in the middle portion of each fertile
branch ; it is 1-2 inches long, and from half a line to nearly a line in dia-
meter, being twice or thrice that of the barren branch: it consists of densely
packed, vertical, simple, articulate paranemata, whorled round the branch,

being formed by the evolution of the cortical cells. Each paranema bears
several linear-oblong, sessile, blunt spores, one at nearly every jomt; these
are at first pellucid, but afterwards filled with dense endochrome. The sub-
stance of stem and branches is rigid and wiry. The colour is a very dark
olive-brown, greener (but sometimes foxy) in the terminal balls.

— eee

In our last number, when speaking of Hncyothalia Cliftoni
(Pl. LXII.), the very singular Alga which we now figure was
alluded to. Who was its earliest discoverer is uncertain. The
first specimens I saw were shown to me by Dr. Mueller; but
I afterwards found in Mr. Gunn’s herbarium some old scraps
picked up at Georgetown, where also Mr. Henty has dredged
fine specimens. The most prolific habitat, however, as yet known,
is Western Port, where, about Christmas, 1854, it was cast
ashore, after a storm, in considerable quantity. The appearance,
when a large tuft is freshly thrown up, is sigular; the stiff wiry
stems and branches standing out, each tipped with a round ball
of woolly hairs; and the Colonial name “ Zagrag and bobtail”
is not without appropriateness. ‘The English botanist will how-
ever be reminded of the Hriophorum, or Cotton-Grass, of our
mountains and bogs, the resemblance to which is very consider-
able, and if the colour of the balls were white, would be complete.

It is needless to contrast this most distinctly characterized
genus with any other. Its nearest known ally is Ancyothaha,
and a comparison of the figure now given with that just referred
to, will show that these plants could not well be placed in the
same genus, if the principles received among algologists be ad-
hered to.

The present Alga, besides its imtrinsic interest, will always
have a special claim on the attention of the collector, from its
recalling the name of Brtxor, so nobly associated with the
search after FRANKLIN.

Fig. 1. An umbellate branch of BeLLot1a ErtopHorum,—the natural size. 2.
Cross section of a receptacle. 38. Paranemata, with spores from the same:
—the latter figures maynified.

Le ed | Rey
J wet re

Cat
pees svete:
I Bs

re ' 4 Sea
A

ees hy,

[

Plate LAB

Vincent Brooks, Imp.

Ser. RuoposPeRMEA. Fam. Wrangeliacea.

Puate LXX.
WRANGELIA HALURUS, Zav.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, decompound, articulated, one-tubed; the in-
ternodes naked or coated with minute cellules; the nodes clothed
with opposite or whorled, articulated ramelli. Fructification: 1,
cystocarps terminating short branches, involucrated by the upper-
most whorled ramelli, and consisting of tufts of pear-shaped, pedicel-
late spores and slender paranemata; 2, naked, triangularly parted
tetraspores, borne on the sides of the whorled ramelliimWRraNGeLia
(4g.), in honour of Baron Wrangel, a Swedish naturalist.

Frons jiliformis, decomposita, articulata, monosiphonia, nuda v. cellulis corticata,
verticillis ramellorum ad genicula onusta. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia ramos ter-
minantia, ramellis supremis involucrata, fasciculis numerosis sporarum pyri-
formium pedicellatarum et paranematibus tenuibus constantia ; 2, tetraspore
nude, triangule divise, ad ramellos sessiles.

Wraneetia Halurus; frond flaccid, membranaceo-gelatinous, pellucidly
articulate, irregularly branched ; branches patent, subsimple, tapering,
whorled at each joint with di-trichotomous, incurved, imbricated
ramelli; axils rounded; articulations of the stem 3-4 times, of the
ramelli cylindrical, 10-12 times as long as broad, the terminal cell
obtuse ; cystocarps terminating short branches; tetraspores pedicellate,
clustered round the joints of the ramelli.

W. Halurus ; fronde flaccida molli pellucide articulata vage ramosa ; ramis paten-
tibus simpliciusculis attenuatis per totam longitudinem ramellis incurvis di-tri-
chotomis imbricantibus verticillatis ; axillis ramorum rotundatis ; articulis
ramorum 3—4-plo ramellorum cylindraceis 10-12-plo diametro longioribus,
cellula ultima obtusa; cystocarpiis ramos abbreviatos terminantibus ; tetra-
sporis pedicellatis ad genicula ramellorum fasciculatis.

WranGetia Halurus, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 262.

Has. On the stems of the larger Algae, and on Cymodocea antarctica :
Fremantle, and Rottnest, and King George’s Sound, V. H. H. and
G. Clifton. Port Fairy, Port Phillip, and Western Port, Victoria,
Wadd HH.

Geogr. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia.

Drscr. Fronds originating in decumbent or creeping surculi, which lie along the
plant to which this Alga attaches itself, and are affixed by clasping discs.
Stems three to six inches or more in height, sparingly and very irregularly
branched ; the dranches alternate, secund, or subopposite or forked, usually
simple, worm-like, curved, tapering to a slender point, articulated through-

out, and bare of cortical cellules, every articulation crowned with a whorl
of ramelli. Ramelli one or two lines long, erecto-patent, incurved, the
whorls so close as to imbricate each other ; each ramellus trichotomous or irre-
gularly dichotomous, composed of slender cylindrical cellules, many times
longer than their diameter, the terminal cell being perfectly obtuse. The
articulations of the stem are 3—4 times as long as broad, but vary in differ-
ent specimens and parts; they are always pellucidly bordered, with a nar-
row endochrome and wide dissepiments. The cystocarps are wholly com-
posed of clusters of pyriform, wide-margined spores, destitute of paranemata,
but surrounded by whorled ramelli. The ¢e¢vaspores are spherical, and form
pedicellate clusters at the joints of the ramelli. The colour when quite re-
cent is rose-red, but of a very fugitive quality, and the plant turns a pale
brownish-red, or ochraceous, in the herbarium. The swéstance is very soft
and tender, soon decomposing in fresh-water ; and the plant, in drying, ad-
heres most closely to paper.

ON ee

At a first glance, the Alga here figured: bears a striking re-
semblance to the well-known British species Halurus equiseti-
Jolius, a resemblance hinted at in the specific name. The sub-
stance, however, is very much softer, and the whole frond quickly
breaks up and melts to jelly when put into fresh-water; the
colour also is paler and more fugacious, and the fructification
quite different. The present is a genuine Wrangelia, a genus
which has many beautiful species in Australia, where it appears
to reach its maximum of development, both as to number and
size. ‘These several species exhibit considerable variety of as-
pect, while agreeing in fruit and in essential character. Some
resemble Callithamnia, others Dasye, others Spyridie, others
Grifithsie and Haluri; it is difficult therefore to say which
should be regarded as the central groups. As this work pro-
ceeds we shall figure the more remarkable, omitting those already
figured in the ‘ Flora 'Tasmanica.’

Fig. 1. WranceLia Haturus,—the natural size. 2. A joint bearing a ramellus,
with ¢etraspores. 3. Portion of the same. 4. Short branch, with whorled
ramelli and a cystocarp. 4. Tuft of spores from the cystocarps :—the
latter figures variously magnified.

ks. Er
» pe Ls

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vamcennin?

Ser. RHODOSPERME. Fam. Ceramiacea.

Puate LXXI.
PTILOTA STRIATA, Zar.

Grn. Cuar. Frond compressed or two-edged, distichous, pectinato-pin-
nate, inarticulate, with an articulate monosiphonous axis; the pin-
nules sometimes articulate. Fructification: 1, involucrate favelle,
containing numerous angular spores; 2, ¢efraspores attached to the
pinnules, sessile or stalked, solitary or glomerulate, tripartite.—
Pritora (4g.), from mr7iAwTos, pinnated.

Frons compressa v. anceps, disticha, pectinato-pinnata, corticata, axi articulato
monosiphonio percursa ; pinnulis sepius corticatis, nunc pellucide articulatis.
Fruct.: 1, favelle involucrate sporas numerosas angulatas foventes ; 2, tetra-

spore ad pinnulas sessiles v. pedicellate, sparse v. glomerulate, triangule
divise.

Prinota striata; frond slender, two-edged, alternately decompound ;
branches and their divisions subdistant, rod-like, transversely rugu-
lose, closely pectinato-pinnate ; pinnules alternate, subulate, inarticu-
late, transversely striate ; favellee borne on the inner edge of the pin-
nules, below the apex; the involucre formed of many slender, invo-
lute, articulated filaments; tetraspores on branching, confervoid pedi-
cels, developed along the edges of the pinnules.

P. striata ; fronde angusta ancipiti alterne pluries decomposita ; ramis majoribus
minoribusque sparsis virgatis transversim rugulosis crebre pectinato-pinnatis ;
pinnulis alternis subulatis inarticulatis transversim striatis ; favellis ad mar-
ginem superiorem pinnularum infra apicem sessilibus; involucro ex filis numero-
sissimis articulatis involventibus formato ; tetrasporarum pedicellis ramosis
articulatis ad margines pinnularum evolutis.

Prinota striata, Harv. Alg. Austr. Eesic. n. 477.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water, Rottnest Island, near Fremantle,
| a ea 2

Grocer. Dist. Western Australia.

Descr. Root a large, flattened disc, quarter to half an inchin diameter. Fronds
tufted or solitary, 6-12 inches long, and as much in the spread of the
branches, half a line in breadth, compressed and sharply two-edged, decom-
poundly branched in an irregularly alternate manner, the general outline
being somewhat flabelliform and fastigiate. Branches three or four times
alternately decompound, the divisions erecto-patent, issuing at acute angles,
subdistant, of unequal lengths, and unequally compound. All the branches
and their divisions are closely pinnulated with minute, alternate, subulate
pinnules, one to two lines in length. Under a pocket-lens the branches
and their divisions appear transversely furrowed at distances of about half

the diameter, and the pinnules are more finely striate in a similar way;
these cross lines are indications of the internal, articulated axis, and dis-
appear when the surface is highly magnified; they are also more obvious
in the dried, than in the living specimens. The favel/e are very minute,
sessile near the tips of the pinnules, and surrounded by confervoid, articu-
lated, strongly involute filaments. The ¢e¢raspores are borne on the ends of
the branches of minute confervoid filaments, a fourth of a line in length,
which issue from either edge of the pinnules, sometimes from both edges.
The colour is a dark vinous-red, becoming browner in dying. The substance
is cartilaginous, and the frond imperfectly adheres to paper in drying.

A“

As already remarked under Dasyphila Preissi (Pl. LXVI),
this plant shows characters intermediate between Pé/ofa and
Dasyphila, proving the close connection between these genera.
From all other Pti/ote (perhaps excepting P. seliculosa, whose
cystocarps are not known) the present differs in the position of its
cystocarps, and the development of their involucre. In other
species (as in Pt. Rhodocallis, Plate XLIV.) the cystocarp ter-
minates a shortened dranch of the frond, and the mvolucre is
formed of displaced or rather fasciculated ramuli ; here the cysto-
carp proceeds from the side of a ramulus, and the involucre is a
special confervoid emanation of the same. ‘This character cer-
tainly indicates a difference of type, and if it applied to many
species, or if Pfi/ofa should become an inconveniently large as-
semblage, it might be made available for generic distinction.
Distinctions also exist in the cellular structure of the frond;
but if these were strictly attended to they would break up the
present Péilota into several.

The present species is easily recognized, with a common pocket-
lens, by the transverse furrows and ridges that mark all the
branches and ramuli, and which are indications of the internal
jointed main axis and the surrounding lesser axis. When quite
fresh, it bears much resemblance to Phacelocarpus Billardiert,
but does not become scarlet, like that species, on exposure to
rain or steeping in fresh-water.

Fig. 1. Prrtora srriata,—the natural size. 2. A small branch, bearing fa-
velle on its pinnules. 3. Apex of a pinnule, with an involucrated favella.
4. The favella, with a portion of the involucre removed. 5. Spores. 6. A
pinnule, bearing marginal confervoid filaments, with tetraspores. 7. One
of the fertile filaments. 8. Transverse section of the frond :—the latter
figures variously magnified.

Ave 1) A AGT

Ser. CHLOROSPERMES. Fam. Siphonacee.

Puate LXXII.
CAULERPA SEDOIDES, ~%.

Gen. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate swrewli rooting from their lower
surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of va-
rious shapes. Swéstance horny-membranous, destitute of calcareous
matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid grumous matter. Fructification unknown.—Cav-
TERPA (Lamour.) ; from Kavdos, a stem, and éptrw, to creep. The
creeping surculi are characteristic of this genus.

Frons ex surculis prostratis hic illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis
Jformata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellule

membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti-
bus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota.

Cavuterpa sedoides ; surculus slender, glabrous; fronds erect, sessile, sim-
ple or branched, laxly set with opposite or quadrifarious, saccate,
obovoid ramenta; rachis somewhat constricted at short intervals.

C. sedoides ; surculo tenui glabro; fronde erecta sessili simplici v. ramosa ra-
mentis oppositis v. undique insertis saccatis obovoideis laxe obsessa; rachide
inter ramenta nodoso-constricta.

CauLErpa sedoides, 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 438; Syst. p.182. Endl. 3rd-Suppl.
p. 16. Hook. et Harv. Fl. N. Zeal. ». 2. p. 261.

CHavvinia sedoides, Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 498.
AHNFELDTIA sedoides, Trev. in Linn. v. 22. p. 1438.
Fucus sedoides, Turn. Hist. Fue. t. 172.

Var. B. geminata ; ramenta regularly distichous and opposite, the rachis ar-
ticulato-constricted.

Var. B. geminata; ramentis distichis oppositisque, rachide articulato-constricta.
CavULERPA geminata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 564.
Has. On rocks near low-water mark: generally distributed from Swan
River to Port Phillip; and at Kiama, New South Wales. Tasmania.
Various collectors.

Geogr. Distr. West, south, and east coasts of Australia (probably all round
the coast). New Zealand. Mauritius. Indian Ocean.

Descr. Surculi extensively creeping, rooting at short intervals, and forming a
dense mat, glabrous and glossy, several inches long, and varying from half
a line to nearly a line in diameter, shrinking and becoming wrinkled in

drying. Fronds crowded, 2-4 or occasionally 6 inches long, linear, clothed
throughout their whole length with laxly imbricated leaves, which are some-
times perfectly distichous and opposite, sometimes irregularly inserted on all
sides, and more crowded: the normal insertion however is seemingly dis-
tichous and opposite, for the rachis is regularly constricted into spurious
nodes between each pair of leaves or ramenta. These ramenta are obovoid,
one or two lines long, and more than half as broad as their length. The

colour is a brilliant yellow-green, well preserved in drying; fading, in old

fronds, to a dull straw-colour. The substance is cartilaginous, and the plant,
if quite fresh and well pressed, will adhere, though not firmly, to paper.

LOO ee

A pretty little species of Cawlerpa, more widely dispersed than
most of the Australian kinds, and subject to considerable varia-
tion in size and in the disposition of the ramenta. Our var. ,
in its typical state, looks so unlike the common form, that
I at first took it for a distinct species; but specimens subse-
quently obtained showed a complete passage into the ordinary
C. sedoides. All authors agree in describing the ramenta as im-
bricated on all sides, and so they apparently are in many cases,
but I think this arises more from twisting of the rachis, or dis-
placement of the ramenta, than from regular development ; for
it is equally or more common to find strictly distichous oppo-
site ramuli; and the regzar constriction of the compressed rachis
below their insertion indicates that these are normally distichous.
The development of the whole frond is very similar to that of
C. cactoides, which this species resembles in miniature. The
specific name “ sedozdes”’ alludes to the resemblance to Sedum
dasyphyllum.

Fig. 1. CaAULERPA SEDOIDES,—the natural size. 2. Small portion,—magnified.
3. C. SEDOIDES, var. GEMINATA,—the natural size. 4. Small portion,—
magnified.

Plate LAX.

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Ser. RHODOSPERMEA. Fam. Cryptonemiacea.

Puate LXXITI.
KALLYMENIA CRIBROSA, Zarv.

Gen. Cuar. Mond carnoso-membranaceous, flat, of irregular shape, com-
posed of three strata; the medullary stratum of interwoven and ana-
stomosing filaments; the zztermediate of large, roundish cells; the
cortical of minute, vertically seriated cellules. Fructification: 1,
cystocarps sunk in the frond, but prominent to one or both surfaces,
containing a compound nucleus, formed of several nucleoli or masses
of spores; 2, cruciate ¢etraspores, scattered among the cortical cel-
lules.—Kattymenia (J. 4g.), from adds, beautiful, and vpny, a
membrane.

Frons carnoso-membranacea, plana, amorpha, stratis tribus contexta. Stratum
medullare ex filis mterteatis anastomosantibus ; intermedium ex cellulis magnis
rotundato-angulatis ; corticale cellulis minimis coloratis verticaliter seriatis.
Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia frondi immersa, nucleolis pluribus composita ; 2, lelri-
spore cruciatim divise, sparse.

KAtLyMENIA cribrosa; stipes short, expanding into a very broad, simple
or bipartite, roundish reniform frond, cordate at base, and regularly
pierced with closely set circular holes, which are small toward the
margin, and larger towards the centre of the frond; cystocarps
scattered over the surface.

K. cribrosa; stipite brevi in frondem maximam simplicem vel bipartitam rotun-
dato-reniformem basi-cordatam foraminibus circularibus crebris versus marginem
minoribus pertusam ampliato.

KaLLyMENIA cribrosa, Harv. Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 555; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 417.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Fremantle, West Australia, George
Clifton. King George’s Sound, and Port Phillip Heads, W. H. H.
Georgetown, Tasmania, Rev. I. Fereday. ast coast of Tasmania,
R. Gunn. Annual.

Grocer. Distr. West and south coast of Australia. Tasmania.

Descr. Root a flat disc, quarter inch in diameter. Stipes 1-1 inch long, plano-
compressed, suddenly expanding into a damina from a foot to two feet in
length and breadth, or twice as broad as its length, cordate at base, with a
roundish reniform outline, but scarcely two specimens of the same shape,
either quite entire or deeply cloven in the middle, or divided nearly to the
base into two roundish lobes ; the margin quite entire, but wavy, and more
or less plaited. Sometimes, from casual laceration and proliferous after-
growth, the outline becomes more lobed. At all ages the frond is pierced
with holes ; but they vary in dimensions according to the age, either of the
specimens, or portion of specimen. In the very young frond, and in the

expanding margins, the holes are very minute, resembling pin-punctures ;

gradually they increase in size until they attain from 4—1 inch in diameter,

and always preserve a tolerably regular circular outline. No holes are
found in the region just above the stipes, a portion of the lamina which
continues to develope during the active life of the plant. The cystocarps
are minute, dot-like, dark-red, and much sunk in the substance of the frond,
through which they are plentifully scattered. The filaments of the medul-
lary region are rather laxly interwoven, and those of the intermediate are of
smaller size than common in the genus, and in a single row. The colour
when quite fresh is a deep crimson-lake ; from which it passes through all
crades of rose-red to yellowish and white. The substance is gelatinous and
tender, and the plant, in drying, adheres strongly to paper.

The genus Kallymenia, founded on the old “ Mucus reni-
formis” of Turner, now includes several species, mhabiting
widely separated localities, extending from the circumpolar
ocean of the north, to the shores of Tierra del Fuego and New
Zealand on the south. But among all that it comprises, there
is none comparable in beauty to the species now figured ; nor
are there many Algz, even in Australia, that match this one for
delicacy of colour and singularity of structure. The outline is
not remarkable. It is like its congeners, merely a shapeless
expansion. But the regularity with which every portion of the
substance becomes pierced with gradually enlarging holes, soon
converts the shapeless frond into a delicate piece of open-work,
fit for a mermaid’s mantle on her gala days. Its Colonial name
—‘the holy coat,’ by which it is known to collectors of sea-
weeds—is grotesquely true. It cannot be doubted that the
tendency to form holes regularly throughout the membrane, is
a normal condition of the species, analogous to the same tendency
seen in Algze of very different affinity, as A4garum and Thallassio-
phyllum, Hydroclathrus and Ulva reticulata. The only portion
which remains constantly free from holes is a small space at the
base. Specimens from the several localities where it occurs,—
localities separated by many hundred miles,—are precisely simi-
lar. Its most abundant known habitat is m the eddy just

within the Heads of Port Phillip. In the other known habitats
it is very rare.

Fig. 1. KaALLYMENIA cRIBROSA,—¢he natural size. 2. Section of the frond and
of a cystocarp,—magnified.

Plate LXAV.

Vineent Brooks; Iarmp.

Ser. RHoposPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee.

Pratt LXXIV.
DICRANEMA REVOLUTUM, J 4%.

Gen. Cuar. Frond terete, dichotomous, formed of three strata; the me-
dullary stratum of slender, closely packed, longitudinal filaments ;
the zntermediate of angular cells, smaller towards the circumference,
and the cortical of vertically seriated, minute, coloured cellules.
Fructification: 1, hemispherical conceptacles, containing within a
thick pericarp, pedicellate, obovate spores attached to a parietal fibro-
cellular placenta (formed from the medullary stratum); 2, zonate
tetraspores, lodged in the swollen (pod-like) tips of the branches.—
Dicranema (Sond.), from Sexpavov, a fork, and vnua, a thread.

Frons teretiuscula, dichotoma, stratis tribus conteata. Stratum medullare ex
Jilis longitudinalibus tenuibus densis ; intermedium cellulis rotundato-angulatis,
exterioribus minoribus ; corticale cellulis minimis coloratis verticaliter seriatis.
Fruct. : 1, cystocarpia hemispherica intra pericarpium crassum sporas obovatas
pedicellatas ad placentam parietalem fibro-cellulosam foventia ; 2, tetraspore
zonatim divise, in apicibus tumidis (siliqueformibus) ramorum nidulantes.

Dicranema revolutum; frond (an inch long) setaceous, dichotomo-fasti-
giate ; axils widely spreading ; apices strongly revolute ; conceptacles
remote from the horn-like tip ; pod-like tips of tetraspores reflexed.

D. revolutum ; fronde (unciali) setacea dichotomo-fastigiata ; axillis patentissi-
mis ; apicibus revolutis ; conceptaculis ab apice remotiusculis, apicibus silique-
Sormibus reflexis.

Dicranema revolutum, J. 4g. Sp. Aly. v. 2. p. 634. Harv. in Trans. R. I.
Acad. v. 22. p. 549; Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 314.

SPH#ROcCOCCUS revolutus, 4g. Sp. p. 334.

Has. Shores of New Holland, Gandichaud. At Cape Riche, Western
Australia, VW. H. H.

Groar. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root a minute disc. Fronds densely tufted, from an inch to 1—1%
inches high, scarcely as thick as hog’s-bristle, several times forked with
considerable regularity ; sometimes, from suppression of one of the forks,
irregularly cymose. All the divisions are remarkably patent, the branches
spreading often at right- or nearly right-angles. The tips of every segment
curl backwards into a hook. The conceptacles are borne near the ends of
the branches, at about the base of the hooked apex, which is prolonged
like a horn, at least thrice the diameter of the conceptacles. The pericarp
is formed from the intermediate and cortical layers of the frond; the
placenta from the medullary. The latter adheres to one side of the peri-

carp, and bears from all parts of its surface, pedicellate, obovate spores,
rather densely set, and deeply coloured. The ée¢raspores are lodged among
the cortical cellules of swollen, pod-like tips of the branches, these tips
hooking backwards: they are less common than the conceptacles. The
colour is a dark brownish-red, preserved in drying. ‘The sudstance is rigid,
somewhat horny when dry, and the plant does not adhere to paper.

A curious little plant, first found by Gaudichaud ; but by me
only met with in the locality above noted, close to Mr. Cheyne’s
hospitable house at Cape Riche. There it occurred in February,
1854, in great profusion, thickly covering the stems of Cymo-
docea antarctica, at low-water mark; and among the hundreds
of specimens which I collected, there was no valid variation in
size or form, and no tendency to pass into D. Grevilli. 1 am
therefore disposed to consider the present a distinct species.

Agardh places the genus Dicranema im the Fam. Spherococ-
coidee, near Dicurella,—and as far as habit goes, there is much
resemblance between these genera. But to me the parietal
fibro-cellular placenta, derived from the medullary layer, together
with the form of the spores, and the shortness of the spore-
threads, and the position of the zonate tetraspores im terminal
pods, point rather to an affimty with Gelidiacee, where there-
fore I place the genus. The structure of its conceptacles is ana-
logous to that of Pterocladia ; that of the frond is not very dif-
ferent from that of Hypnea.

At present Dicranema includes three species, D. revolutum,
D. Grevillii, and D. filiforme. The “D. pusillum” of my Austr.
Algee, n. 313, on more careful re-examination, proves to be a
species of Mychodea.

Fig. 1. A tuft of DicRANEMA REVOLUTUM, growing on the stems of Cymadocea
antarctica,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a frond, with conceptacles
below the tips. 3. Cross section of a conceptacle. 4. Spores from the
same. 5. Portion of a frond with pod-like tips containing tetraspores.
6. Section of the cortical layer of a swollen tip, showing the tetraspores 7
situ. 7. Tetraspores. 8. Cross section of the frond:—all but the first
figure more or less magnified.

WwW

en ae Dy teh | 1 ; ant eae
ne 4 ‘

Plate LIV

Vincent Brrc dks, Ini

Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Gelidiacee.

Pirate LXXV.
HENNEDYA CRISPA, Harv.

Gen. Cuar. Stem terete, branched; branches dilating upwards into a
flat, dichotomous, membranous frond, composed of three strata; the
medultary stratum of very slender, anastomosing, densely interwoven
filaments; the intermediate of large empty cells, in a single row;
the cortical of minute, coloured, vertically seriated cellules. Fructi-
fication: 1, hemispherical, umbilicated conceptacles, with a terminal
pore, sessile near the tips of the segments, containing tufts of pedi-
cellate, subpyriform spores attached to numerous, parietal placentz ;
2, zonate ¢etraspores, in sori, beneath the tips of the segments.—
Hennepya (/arv.), in honour of Roger Hennedy, of Glasgow, an
able microscopist and successful explorer of the Algee of Scotland.

Stipes teres, ramosus ; rami sapice in frondem planam membranaceam dichoto-
mam stratis tribus contextam dilatatis. Stratum medullare ex filis tenuissimis
anastomosantibus densissime intertextis ; intermedium cellulis magnis vacuis uni-
seriatis ; corticale cellulis minimis verticaliter ordinatis contextum. Fruct.: 1,
cystocarpia hemispherica, elevata, umbilicata, demum poro pertusa, ad apices
laciniarum sessilia, fasciculos sporarum secus parietes loculi dispositos foventia ;
2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in soris fra apices laciniarum aggregate.

Huennepya crispa, Harv.

HENNEDYa« crispa, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 552. <Alg. Austr.
Hxsic. n. 331.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Rottnest Island, ’.H.H. Fre-
mantle, George Clifton.

Grocer. Distr. West coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root a large, hard disc. Fronds 6-12 inches high; stem hard and
woody, terete or compressed, 1-2 inches long, dividing into several
branches. Branches soon compressed, then flattened, and passing into the
base of a dichotomo-multifid, flabelliform, fastigiate, thinly membranous
lamina, whose lowermost and principal segment is traversed by a vanishing
midrib, being the prolonged apex of the terete branch. The segments of
the lamina vary in breadth from 4-3 or 2 inch; they are linear or slightly
cuneate, with remarkably rounded axils, and very blunt but generally emar-
ginate apices. The whole frond is remarkably curled and undulated. The
conceptacles are generally solitary, sessile exactly at the emarginate tip
of the segment, but are sometimes two together and somewhat removed
from the tip: they are hemispherical, dimpled in the middle, and finally

pierced by a pore, through which the spores escape. The pericarp is very
thick, formed of the three strata of the frond, its cavity being hollowed out
in the middle of the medullary stratum. The tufts of spores are very nu-
merous, and spring from all parts of the walls of the conceptacle. Tetra-
spores are lodged in sori, under the tips of the segments of the frond, and
are much less common than the conceptacles. The colour is a dark brownish-
purple or dull-red, and becomes darker on drying. The substance is rigidly
membranous, and the plant does not adhere to paper in drying.

Lae

I propose the present plant as the type of a new genus, related
to Chetangium, but differing in having a distinct stem, emitting
branches that end in flabelliform fronds, traversed at base by a
vanishing rib; and further, by the intermedial stratum of large
empty cells, and the more external conceptacles. ‘The latter cha-
racters are of greater significance than the former, and suffice alone
to mark the genus. ‘The little group of “ Chetangice”’ retained
by Professor Agardh as an Order, have so many characters in
common with Gelidiacee, that I am disposed to unite them (to-
gether with the //ypneacee) to that family. It appears to me
undesirable to multiply Families for every minor structural cha-
racter. ‘The differences between the structure of the conceptacle
in Chetangia and Pterocladia are surely more generic than
ordinal.

Hennedya crispa is abundantly thrown up at Rottnest Island,
after winter gales, and is then generally found well covered with
fruit. The specimens with conceptacular fruit are much the com-
monest. To the naked eye the plant strongly resembles a Zhysa-
nocladia, particularly 7. coriacea; but the ramification is different,
not to speak of fruit or structure. It is very apt to be infested
with small Zoophytes and Molluscoid Corallines (ryozoa), and
to the collector of these diversified and beautiful animalcules
its tufts will often afford a rich harvest.

Fig. 1. A branch of Hennnepya crispa,—the natural size. 2. Apex of a seg-
ment, with conceptacles under the tips. 38. Section through the frond, and
through a conceptacle. 4. Tuft of spores. 5. Section through a sorus;
tetraspores from the same :—the latter figures more or less magnified.

Ser. MELANOSPERMEA. Fam. Pucacee.

Puate LXXVI.
CYSTOPHORA SPARTIOIDES, 7 4.

Grn. Cuar. Loot scutate. Frond pinnately decompound, dendroid, with
a distinct stem, branches, and ramuliform leaves. Vesicles stipitate,
simple, rarely absent. Receptacles pod-like, torulose or moniliform,
developed in the ramuli. Scaphidia hermaphrodite. Spores obovoid.
—Cysropnora (J. dg.), from kvortis, a bladder, and dope, to bear.

Radia scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, dendroidea, caule proprio, ramis
foliisque ramuliformibus donata. Vesicule stipitate, simplices, raro defici-
entes. eceptacula siliqueformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, apice ramulorum evo-
luta. Scaphidia hermaphrodita.

CystopHora spartioides; stem flat, decompound, pinnate; pinne spring-
ing from the sharp edge of the stem, erecto-patent ; pinnules alternate,
compressed, nodulose below, decompound above; the ultimate seg-
ments filiform, dichotomo-multifid, ending in slender, moniliform, at-
tenuated receptacles ; vesicles none.

C. spartioides ; caule plano decomposito-pinnato ; ramis a margine caulis egre-
dientibus erecto-patentibus ; pinnulis alternis compressis infra nodulosis nu-
disque sursum decompositis ; laciniis ultimis filiformibus tenuibus dichotomo-
paniculatis in receptacula moniliformia longe attenuata abeuntibus ; vesiculis
nullis.

CystopHora spartioides, J. 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 244. Harv. Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 8.

PHYLLOTRICHA spartioides, Aresch. in Act. Ups. ser. 3. v. 1. p. 33.
BLossEVILLEA spartioides, Due. Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 629.
CysTosEIRA spartioides, 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 17; Syst. p. 294.
Fucus spartioides, Zurn. Hist. t. 232.

Haz. Shores of New Holland, 2. Brown. Port Fairy, VW. H. H. George-
town, Tasmania, 2. Gunn. Derwent, Mr. Oldfield.

Grocer. Distr. South coast of Australia, and Tasmania.

Derscr. Rooés conical, an inch or more across. Stems six feet long or sometimes
much more, quite simple, preserving throughout a breadth of nearly half an
inch, strongly compressed and two-edged, nearly flat, but somewhat thickened
in the middle, set throughout their whole extent, at intervals of about an inch
or an inch and a half, with alternate branches or pinne. Pinne springing
from the knife-like edge of the stem, spreading, but curved upwards, linear-
lanceolate in outline, and from two to three feet in length, plano-compressed
like the stem, tapering to each end, nearly a quarter of an inch wide, regu-
larly set with alternate pinnules. Pinnules one to two inches long, as thick

as packthread at base, naked but warted or spinous in the lower third, thence
to the apex closely set with alternate, filiform, setaceous, irregularly dicho-
tomous ramuli. Vesicles none. Receptacles formed from the scarcely thick-
ened ends of the branchlets, constricted at short intervals, nodoso-monili-
form, and tapering to a fine point. Colour a very dark olive-brown, turning
black in drying. Swéstance coriaceous, rather brittle when dry.

It is impossible in an octavo, or even in a folio plate, to do
adequate justice to a gigantic Alga like the present, which can
only be seen in its perfect form, stretched out (like Milton’s
hero) on the sea-shore. I can only show the stump and the tip
of one of its long arms; and must refer the student, for its other
characters, to the detailed description. Fortunately, there is no
species of Cystophora with which it can be confounded ; for it is
the only one that has branches springing from ¢he edge (not the
broadside) of a flattened stem. I have never seen vesicles, nor
are they described by Turner cr Agardh. This species does not
occur, so far as I am aware, in West Australia. After passing
Cape Northumberland, which seems to mark the western limit
of several of the larger Fucoids, it becomes abundant, and con-
tinues through Bass’s Straits to Tasmania.

Fig. 1. CysToPHORA SPARTIOIDES ; portion of the stem, with the base of a
pinna. 2. Apex of a pinna:—both the natural size. 3. Portion of one of
the ultimate dichotomous ramuli, with beaded receptacles formed from the
terminal segment,—moderately magnified.

Yee ee

.
ae
ge
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AVL

LA

Plate

Ser. RHopOsPERMEA. Fam. Corallinacee.

Puatt LXXVII.
AMPHIROA AUSTRALIS, Sond

Gen. Cuar. Frond terete, compressed, or flat, calcareous, articulated, di-
chotomous, pinnated or whorled. Nodes cartilaginous. ruct.: 1,
conceptacles conical, wart-like, sessile on the disc of the articulations,
furnished with an apical pore, and containing in the base of the
cavity a tuft of erect, pyriform, at length four-parted spore-threads.—
Amputroa (Lamour.), a fanciful mythological name.

Frons calcarea, fragilis, teres v. compressa v. plana, articulata, dichotoma v.
pinnatim ramosa v. verticillata. Genicula cartilaginea. Fr.: 1, conceptacula
conica, verruceformia, ad superficiem articulorum sessilia, apice poro pertusa,
in fundo loculi fila sporifera fasciculata erecta demum quadripartita foventia.

Amputroa australis; dichotomous or trichotomous; the lower joints li-
near, compressed, upper broadly oval-oblong, emarginate at each end,
flat, sharply edged; nodes naked, short ; ceramidia?

A. australis; dichotoma v. trichotoma; articulis inferioribus linearibus com-
pressis, superioribus elliptico-oblongis utringue emaryinatis complanatis mar-
gine acutis ; geniculis nudis brevibus ; ceramidiis ?

AMPHIROA australis, Sond. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 55. Preiss, Pl. ». 2. p. 188.
Harv. Ner. Aust. p. 98. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 537. Kitz. Sp. Alg.
p. 703.

Has. Swan River, Preiss.‘ Rottnest Island, in deep tide-pools, VW. H. H.
Groaer. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root a hard, stony disc. Stem of three or four linear, strongly com-
pressed but round-edged joints, each nearly > an inch long and 1-2 lines
wide, dividing into branches, which are repeatedly dichotomous or tricho-
tomous, and composed of a series of oval-oblong, flat, thin, and sharp-edged
articulations, obtusely indented at each end, particularly at the upper extre-
mity. These articulations are $- inch long, and 2-3 lines wide, quite
smooth and even; the young terminal ones as long as broad, and somewhat
heart-shaped. Lateral ramuli of one or two joints are often borne at the
nodes of the principal branches, and in some specimens the ramification
eventually becomes umbellate. The nodes (genicula) are minute, naked, and
brown. The colour, when growing, is a clear, crimson rose-red, which is
tolerably preserved in drying. The sudstance is very brittle, but the joints
do not so readily fall asunder as in many other species. No /rwzé has been
seen.

Here we have one of the stone-p/ants, which were so long

classed by naturalists among the true Corals, and to which the
name “Coralline”’ is still given. Externally they are hard; and
their substance is so permeated with carbonate of lime that they
are as brittle as rigid, and when thrown into any mineral acid
will strongly effervesce. After the effervescence has ceased, and
the lime been all dissolved, there remains an Algoid body, of the
same form as the “Coralline,” but soft, and soon dissolving into
a mass of small cellules, arranged in slender filaments. The in-
ternal substance or living body of the Coralline therefore is an
Alga, of similar structure to many others; and these supposed
anomalous productions naturally fall in among the Rhodosperms.

The genus Amphiroa contains many species, of different ex-
ternal habits, several of which are natives of Australia, and some
of the more characteristic will be figured in future numbers.
The present is one of the handsomest of the subgenus “ Aury-
tion,” characterized by the flattened, oblong joints, and dichoto-
mous branching. It and another allied form are among the
ornaments of the Rottnest reef-pools, where their brilliant reds
and purple contrast well with the rich green of the soft-fronded
Caulerpe.

Fig. 1. AMPHIROA AUSTRALIS,—the natural size. 2. Young articulations,—
moderately magnified.

7 ; r LU TTTT
blaté LALLY

Ser. CHLOROSPERMER. Fam. Confervacea.

Puate LXXVIII.
CLADOPHORA VALONIOIDES, Sond.

*

Gen. Cuan. Yilaments tufted, articulate, uniform, branched. Articulations
filled with green granular endochrome, which is changed at maturity
into zoospores.—CiaporHora (Kiitz.), from «rados, a branch, and
dopew, to bear.

Fila cespitosa, articulata, ramosa. Articuli endochromate viridi grumoso demum
im zoosporas mutato replett.

CiavopHora valonioides ; densely tufted, bright-green ; filaments ultra-
capillary, membranaceous, irregularly decompound, subdichotomous,
much branched ; lesser branches and ramuli often opposite or ternate,
the ultimate ones subfasciculate or pectinate ; axils acute ; apices
very obtuse ; articulations in the branches 6-8 times, in the ramuli
4-5 times as long as broad, constricted at the nodes, and filled with
endochrome.

C. valonioides; cespitosa, letevirens; filis ultra-capillaribus membranaceis
vage decompositis dichotomisve ramosissimis; ramis minoribus ramulisque
sepe oppositis v. ternis, ultimis v. fasciculatis v. pectinato-secundis ; axillis
acutis apicibusque obtusissimis ; articulis ramorum diametro 6—-8-plo ramulo-
rum 4—-5-plo longioribus, endochromate repletis ; geniculis angustis constrictis.

CxiaporHora valonioides, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2.p.149. Harv. Alg. Austr.
Exsic.n. 587. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 391.

Has. Swan River, Preiss, W.H.H., G. Clifton, ete. King George’s
Sound, VW. H. H.

Groar. Distr. West Australia; common.

Descr. Filaments densely tufted, 3-8 inches high or more, twice as thick as
human hair, very much branched from the base in an irregularly dichoto-
mous or alternate manner. The larger branches sometimes repeatedly di-
vide dichotomously, and sometimes are long and virgate, set at short in-
tervals with small multifid branches. The lesser branches and ramuli are
frequently opposite, ternate, or sometimes quaternate, all erecto-patent ; in
the upper part of the plant they are frequently crowded and almost fascicled,
but are sometimes distant, either alternate or secund or pectinated. The
joints in the larger branches are 6-8 times as long as broad, or even longer ;
in the lesser branches and ramuli they are pretty uniformly 3-4-5 times
as long as broad; the ultimate ones are ellipsoid and very blunt. All the
nodes are constricted and very narrow; and the cell is filled with bright-
green endochrome, which partly recovers its form when moistened. The
substance is membranous, not very soft; and the plant, except when young,
does not strongly adhere to paper in drying. The colour at first is a bril-

liant grass-green ; afterwards it becomes pale, and before the plant perishes,
frequently a dirty-white or yellowish.

a Ee

This is one of the commonest species in Western Australia,
where it may be taken to represent the C. /etevirens of European
seas. The filaments are however more robust, the jomts pro-
portionally shorter, and the branching different. Its swollen,
blunt cells remind us of a Valonia ; but the resemblance is one
of analogy only.

Fig. 1. CLADOPHORA VALONIOIDES,—the natural size. 2. End of a branch
and ramuli. 3. Terminal cells :—the two latter figures variously magnified.

i

biweine Py ee

ra

Ser. RHODOSPERMEZ. Fam. Ceramiacea.

Puare LXXIX.
HALOPLEGMA PREISSII, Sond.

Gen. Cuar. Frond sponge-like, expanded, wholly composed of interwoven
and anastomosing confervoid filaments ; the central filaments longitu-
dinal, subparallel, anastomosing; the superficial short, vertical, and
free. Fructification : 1, involucrated favelle, sessile on the network ;
2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, borne on the superficial filaments.—Hato-
pLeeMa (Mont.), from ads, the sea, and mreypa, a network, or
woven substance.

Frons spongiosa, expansa, filis confervoideis intertextis anastomosantibusque con-
texta ; filis interioribus longitudinalibus subparallelis anastomosantibus, exteri-

oribus liberis verticalibus brevibus. Fruct.: 1, favelle involucrate ad fron-
dem sessiles ; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, pedicellate, ad ramulos affixe.

Hatorpteema Preissii ; frond somewhat flabelliform, subdichotomous, laci-
niated ; the segments pinnatifid; pinnules oblique, falcate, fringed on
the outer edge; articulations of the filaments 2-3 times as long as

broad.

H. Preissii; fronde flabelliformi subdichotomo-laciniata ; laciniis pinnatifidis
sepe secundis ; pinnulis obliquis faleatis extus fimbriatis ; articulis filarum
diametro 2-3-plo longioribus.

Hatopieema Preissii, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v.2.p.171. Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 672.
J. Ay. Sp. Alg.v.2.p. 111. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 489, 490.

Ruopopiexta Preissii, Harv. in Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 613.

Has. Western Australia, Preiss, Drummond, ete. Common at Fremantle,
Rottnest, and King George’s Sound; also on many parts of the
southern coast, Port Phillip Heads, and Western Port, W. H. H.
Tasmania, 2. Guan. In the Tamar, above Georgetown, Rev. I. Fere-
day, ete.

Grocr. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania.

Descr. Root a mass of woolly filaments. Frond a flat, sponge-like or cloth-like
body, very irregular in shape, 3-12 inches long, and as much in expansion
of the segments. The form is so greatly varied that it is difficult to de-
scribe, except in general terms. The outline, when young, is generally fla-
belliform, and in some specimens this form is retained, the fan being but
slightly cleft into a few shallow segments : in others the frond is dichotomoz
multifid, the main branches not more than 3 inch wide, or even less$
the lesser ones deeply pinnatifid or bi-pinnatifid. In other specimens the
lesser branches are deeply lobed on one edge only. All the axils are rounded.

The ultimate lobes are very generally faleate, especially the younger ones,
and are finely fringed on the rounded or outer edge. The spongy body of
the frond is composed of several strata of closely interwoven, anastomosing,
and subparallel longitudinal filaments, resembling those of a Callithamnion ;
the surface is coated with a pile of minute, simple or forked, incurved, su-
bulate, horizontally excurrent ramuli. wvelle are clustered, surrounded by
an involucre of many ramuli, and scattered over the surface of the network,
on which they form little wart-like prominences. etraspores are plentifully
borne on the sides of the ramuli. The colour varies from a livid-purple to
a clear rosy-red, and fades through orange to yellowish and tawny. The
substance is membranous, but soft, holding water like a sponge. In drying
the plant adheres firmly to paper.

eee

A very curious Alga, with the structure and substance of a
sponge, and imbibing water and holding it as freely. By the
Tasmanian collectors it is called “ the blanket,” a name aptly ex-
pressing its appearance when fresh, which is that of a piece of
flannel or napped cloth. Its external form is greatly varied.
Among the multitude of specimens before me there are scarcely
two which are moderately alike in ramification. All indeed are
formed on the same general plan, and, once seen, the plant is
readily, recognized under every form; but one is broad and
scarcely cleft; another narrow, and cut up into innumerable
shreds; and others, like the one selected for our figure, are mo-
derately lobed.

This plant abounds in all parts of the western and southern
coast that I have visited. In Tasmania a variety occurs, in
the Tamar, a considerable way above Georgetown, and at first
looks like a different species, being thinner, and more purple
and fan-shaped than the ordinary state. On tracing it down the
river to the Heads of Port Dalrymple, it gradually blends into
the usual variety, nor is there any microscopic character to dis-
tinguish it.

.

Fig. 1. HatopLeema Pretssir; part of a frond,—the natural size. 2. Some
of the vertical, anastomosing, central filaments, and the horizontal, free,
superficial ramuli; showing their connection. 3. Ramulus, with tetra-
spores. 4. A tetraspore. 5. An involucrated cluster of favelle. 6. A fa-
vella, 17. Spores :—the latter figures magnified.

“Vineent Brooks, imp

Ser. RuoposPerMEs&. Fam. Spherococcoidee.

Puate LXXX.
GRACILARIA DACTYLOIDES, Sound.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, compressed, or flat, cartilaginous, irregularly
branched, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum of large,
roundish, angular cells, smaller outwards, usually containing granules ;
the cortical of minute cellules, vertically seriated or in a single row.
Fructification: 1, hemispherical or conoidal conceptacles, sessile on
the branches, containing within a thick pericarp obovate spores ar-
ranged in spore-threads issuing from a basal placenta; 2, ¢e¢raspores
cruciate or tripartite, dispersed among the surface-cellules of the
branches and ramulii—Gracribarta (Grev.), from gracilis, ‘slender ;
applicable to the filiform species.

Frons filiformis, compressa, v. plana, carnoso-cartilaginea, vage ramosa, ex stratis
duobus contexta. Stratum medullare cellulis magnis rotundato-angulatis,
exterioribus sensim minoribus, materie granulosa sepe repletis; corticale
cellulis minimis uni- v. pluri-seriatis. Fruct.: 1, conceptacula hemispherica,

sessilia, intra pericarpium crassum fila sporifera e placenta basali radiantia
foventia ; 2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise.

Gracitarta dactyloides ; rose-red, flaccid, carnoso-cartilaginous ; frond
compressed, subdichotomous or vaguely decompound, with wide
angles and spreading branches; branches irregularly multifid, the
smaller ones frequently palmatifid; ramuli secund, subulate, attenu-
ate ; conceptacles conoidal, secund.

G. dactyloides; rosea, flaccida, carnoso-cartilaginea ; fronde compressa sub-
dichotoma v. vage decomposita ; awillis rotundatis ramisque patentibus ; ramis
irregulariter multifidis, minoribus sepe palmatifidis ; laciniis secundis subula-
tis attenuatis ; cystocarpiis conoideis secundis.

Gracitarta dactyloides, Sond. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 55. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2.
p. 604. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 321; Trans. R. I, Acad. v. 22. p.550.

PrLocarta dactyloides, Sond. in Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 190.
Spu#rococcus dactyloides, Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 176.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Swan River, Preiss. Fremantle,
W.H.H., G. Clifton. King George’s Sound ?

Grocer. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root a small disc. Fronds tufted (often parasitical), from 6-10 inches
long, seldom more than a line broad, compressed, irregularly dichotomous

or variously multifid, preserving a somewhat flabelliform outline. The
main divisions are frequently flattened under the axils and expanded to

2-3 lines; in this case several branches spring, in a palmate manner, from
the flattened portion. The branches are flexuous or zigzag, either several
times forked or trifid or secundly divided, but always very widely spread-
ing, with broad rounded axils. The smaller branches are more frequently
palmatifid than the larger. The alternate ramuli are generally secund,
often 1-13 inches long, tapering from a broad base to a fine point. (The
specimens from King George’s Sound differ from the normal state of the
species in being more pinnately branched and much more strongly com-
pressed, and may perhaps belong to a different species.) The conceptacles
are prominently conoidal, abundantly scattered along the branches and
ramuli of fertile specimens at distances of about ¢ inch, and are generally
secund. The colour is a clear rosy-red, preserved in drying. The substance
is soft, more fleshy than cartilaginous, succulent and tender; and the plant
shrinks in drying, and adheres firmly to paper.

aw

As far as Australian Algee are concerned, this species may
be readily known from its congeners by its bright colour and
compressed frond. But it is not so easy to point out good ex-
ternal characters by which it may be known from G. compressa
of Europe. The internal cellular structure is however some-
what different, the cortical layer in the present species being
much thinner and generally composed of but one or at most
two rows of cellules. The ramification is a good deal varied.
The tendency to produce finger-like (or rather palmatifid) branches
is sometimes greater than on the specimens here drawn; and
specimens producing conceptacles are often strikingly zigzag,
the branch suddenly bending where the conceptacle is seated.

It is not uncommon at Fremantle and Rottnest. The speci-
mens from King George’s Sound, above alluded to, are some-
what different, and may possibly belong to a distinct species.
At present I retain them, undescribed, for further evidence.

Fig. 1. GRacILARIA DACTYLOIDES,-——the natural size. 2. Portion of a fertile
frond, with conceptacles. 3. Section through branch and conceptacle. 4.
Spores. 5. Section through branch with ¢e¢raspores. 6. A tetraspore :—
the latter figures variously magnified.

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Ser. RuopospermEa. Fam. Squamariee.

Puate LXXXI.
PEYSSONNELIA AUSTRALIS, Sond.

Gen. Cuar. Frond flat, horizontally expanded, rooting by fibrils from the
lower surface ; composed of two strata of cells; the lower stratum of
horizontal cylindrical cells, arranged in cohering, longitudinal fila-
ments; the upper of similar cells, set in vertical cohering filaments.
Fructification of both kinds lodged in superficial warts (xemathe-
eta): spores roundish, in moniliform strings; ¢e¢raspores cruciate.
—Pryssonnetta (Dene.), in honour of J. 4. Peyssonnel, an early and
meritorious observer of marine plants, especially of Corallines.

Frons plana, horizontaliter expansa, inferiore pagina radicans, stratis duobus
contexta ; strato inferiore cellulis cylindraceis horizontalibus in fila longitu-
dinalia coherentia seriatis, superiore cellulis similibus in fila verticalia ordi-
natis constante. Fruct.: utriusque generis in nematheciis evoluti. Spore
subrotunde, moniliformiter seriate ; tetraspore oblonga, cruciatim divise.

PrYSSONNELIA australis ; frond affixed at the base, otherwise free, coria-
ceous, dark-red, flabelliform, zoned, entire; the superior margin thin
and often reflexed; the lower surface tomentose with rusty fibrils ;
“warts of fructification scattered, purple” (Sond.).

P. australis; fronde basi solum adnata coriacea atro-sanguinea flabelliformi
rugoso-zonata subintegerrima ; margine superiore tenui sepius reflexo ; pagina
inferiore plus minus ferrugineo-tomentosa ; “ verrucis fructiferis sparsis pur-
pureis”’ (Sond.).

PEYSSONNELIA australis, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 685. Harv. Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 328.

Has. Cast up from deep water. Holdfast Bay, Dr. Ferd. Mueller. Port
Fairy; and at Shortlands Bluff, Port Philip, WY. H. H. Bass’s
Straits, Tasmania, Mr. C. Stuart.

Geogr. Distr. Southern coasts, and Tasmania.

Descr. Root a discoid attachment. Fronds one or several from the same base,
3—5 inches long, and nearly as broad in the widest part, cuneate at base,
becoming flabelliform as the lamina widens, undivided ; but often vertically
cloven (from accident), and then each pseudolobe, after growth is renewed,
becomes flabelliform like the original frond. The margin at the sides and
toward the base is thick and perfectly flat; along the curved, upper edge it
is thin and membranous, and often folded back on the upper surface. The
upper side is perfectly glabrous, somewhat shining, and ridged at short in-
tervals with concentric wrinkles (zoned) or lines of growth. The under
surface is thickly clothed, except on the younger portion, near the upper

edge, .with a rusty or buff-coloured tomentum, composed of short, slender,
jointed hairs. Our specimens are not in fruit. The substance is leathery
and tough, retaining its toughness in drying. The colour in reflected light
is a dark brownish-red, but when viewed with transmitted light is a deep
blood-red. On exposure it fades through orange and yellow to dull greenish-
white. The plant does not adhere to paper in drying.

ee

The genus Peyssonnelia, founded on P. squamaria, a native of
the Mediterranean, is widely distributed, being represented not
only in all the warmer seas, but straggling northward along the
coasts of northern Europe. On the Australian shore there are
three or four species, of which the one now figured is the largest,
broadest, and least divided. I have little doubt but that my
plant is the same as Sonder’s, though he describes his specimens
as being only “an inch long and broad, differing from P. squa-
maria by the undivided lamina and scattered fruit.” To this
may be added that P. australis is much more brightly coloured
and more glossy. The concentric zoning is pretty evident on
my specimens, and I am not disposed to rely on this character
as distinguishing our plant from either P. major or P. squamaria.
If the three forms are to be retained as species, the present must
rest on its broad, nearly undivided, and bright-coloured frond.

P. Nove-Hollandia, Kitz., has the bright colour of the present
species, but is divided into many narrow sublinear lobes. P.
multifida, Harv. (Alg. Exsic. 329), from Newcastle, New South
Wales, is still narrower and more divided, thick and rigid, and
of the dark-brown colour of P. squamaria. The fourth Australian
species (P. rubra, Grev.) is attached by its under surface, thin,
crustaceous and brittle when dry, covering stones in deep water :
it occurs both in Tasmania and in Port Jackson.

Fig. 1. PEYssonNELIA AUSTRALIS,—the natural size. 2. A vertical section,
showing the two strata of which the frond is composed, and some of the
fibres of the tomentum,—magnified.

Vincent Brooks, inp ;

Ser. MELANOSPERME#. Fam. Dietyotacea.

Puate LXXXII.
DICTYOTA FASTIGIATA, Sond.

Grn. Cuar. Root woolly. Frond flat, linear, membranous, ribless, areo-
late, dichotomous or irregularly cleft. Mructification: spores super-
ficial, either collected in spot-like sori, or scattered singly over both
surfaces of the frond.—Dicryota (Zamz.), from dvxtvov, a net ; be-
cause the surface, under a lens, has a netted, or rather a tessellated
appearance.

Radix stuposa. Frons plana, linearis, membranacea, ecostata, areolata, dichoto-

ma aut vage divisa. Fruct.: spore superficiales in soros maculeformes ag-
gregate v. singulatim per utramque paginam frondis disperse.

Dicryora fuastigiata ; frond woolly at base, dark-brown, coriaceo-membra-
naceous, broadly linear, distantly forked ; axils rounded; margin very
entire, slightly thickened; apices obtuse or minutely emarginate ;
spores solitary, scattered; tufts of paranemata on the same frond, re-
sembling sori.

D. fastigiata ; fronde basi stuposa badia coriaceo-membranacea lato lineart dis-
tanter dichotome partita ; axillis rotundatis ; margine integerrimo subincras-
sato ; apicibus obtusissimis v. minutissime emarginatis ; sports solitariis sparsis ;
paranematibus in maculas soriformes collectis in fronde ipsa cum sporis passim
evolutis.

Dioryorta furcellata, Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2.p.155. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p.
100. Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 556. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 71.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Western Australia, Preiss. Freman-
tle and Rottnest, common, W. H. H., G. Clifton. King George’s
Sound and Cape Riche, W.H.H. Flinders’ Island, Dr. Milligan.

Grocer. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root covered with rust-coloured, woolly fibres. Fronds tufted, 48-12
inches long, not less than a line, and seldom more than 2—3 lines in breadth,
preserving a nearly equal breadth throughout, covered with woolly hairs for
about 3-1 inch above the base, thence upwards glabrous, repeatedly and
pretty regularly dichotomous. The forkings on large specimens are 1-2
inches apart, the axils are in all cases blunt, and the segments are erecto-
patent and tolerably fastigiate, the general outline being flabelliform. The
apices are often perfectly entire, as shown in our figure, but are at least as
often minutely emarginate, the indentation only visible with a lens: as the
growth proceeds, the notch becomes a commencement of a new fork. The
fruit is but imperfectly known ; our numerous specimens bear indifferently,
on the same fronds, either hemispherical, solitary spores ? (antheridia 7), or
roundish or oval clusters of paranemata similar to those that accompany

the spores in some other species (fig. 4, 5); but no spores here accompany
them. The sudstance of the frond is rather thick, and somewhat opaque; a
section shows a double row of large, empty, quadrate medial cells, and a
single row, at each side, of coloured cellules. The colour is a dark-brown,
becoming almost black in drying, in which state the plant does not adhere
to paper.

PIPER OI eee

This species is readily known from all the forms of D. dicho-
toma by its much thicker, more rigid, and darker-coloured fronds,
and by its cellular characters. It appears to be a true Dictyota,
not a Stechospermum, as Professor Agardh, Judging from de-
scription, supposes. I have not seen the normal fruit. The
scattered spores (?) described above are probably antheridia. It
is to be hoped that Mr. Clifton may succeed in finding fruit.
The species is commonly thrown up in winter along the shores
of Western Australia. I have only seen a single specimen from
Flinders’ Island; and it has not yet been found in any other
part of Bass’s Straits, or further east than Cape Riche.

Our figure is faulty in one respect ; the apices of the laciniz
ought to be very minutely, but sharply, indented. They are
commonly so, but not constantly, as it so happened that a per-
fectly entire apex was selected for figuring.

Fig. 1. Dicryora FasTiGIata,—the natural size. 2. Apex ofa lobe. 3.
Small portion of the surface, with a cluster of paranemata, seen vertically.
4. The cluster, seen laterally. 5. Some of the paranemata removed. 6.
Small portion of surface, with a solitary spore? 17. Section through the
membrane :—the latter figures variously magnified.

Plate LAXALT

: Sih ig pegesee

Sak : Oi-s)~ ge Pr ee

a estas
ors = fm Ws, CE =i

Ser. RuoposPERMEZ. Fam. Cryptonemiacee.

Pirate LXXXIII.
GLOIOSACCION BROWNII, Zar».

Gen. Cuan. Frond bag-like, filled with transparent gelatine, membrana-
ceous, composed of three strata; the medullary stratum of very large
gelatinous cells, soon ruptured ; the zxtermediate of roundish-angular,
coloured cells ; the corticaZ of minute cellules set in vertical filaments.
Fructification: 1, globose flavellidia immersed in the cells of the in-
termediate stratum, and composed of numerous confluent nucleoli ;
2, tetraspores (not known) ?—Guto1osaccion (Harv.), from yrozos,
viscid, and aaxkos, a bag or sack.

Frons sacciformis, succo gelatinoso hyalino repleta, membranacea, stratis fere tribus
contexta ; strato medullari cellulis maximis gelatinosis cito ruptis, intermedio
cellulis rotundato-angulatis coloratis, corticali cellulis minimis in fila verticalia

ordinatis constante. Fruct.: 1, favellidia globosa, in strato intermedio imn-
mersa, nucleolis pluribus confluentibus composita ; 2, tetraspore ?

Gtrotosaccion Browni, Harv.
Var. a. membranaceum ; bag delicately membranous, rose-red.
Var. a. membranaceum ; fronde tenui-membranacea, rosea.

Hatosaccion hydrophora, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 419 (exel. syn. Post.
and Ruppr.).

Var. 8. firmum ; bag coriaceo-membranous, varying from livid-purple to ‘deep
blood-red.

Var. B. firmum; fronde coriaceo-membranacea, livido-purpurea v. viridescente
v. rubro-sanguinea.

Hatosaccion firmum, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 420 (excl. syn. Post. and
Rup.).

Fucus allantoides ?, R. Br. in Turn. Hist. n. 4. p. 105.

Has. Cast ashore from deep water. Australia, A. Brown. Fremantle,
Western Australia, V7. H. H., George Clifton. Port Phillip, W. H. H.
In the Tamar, Tasmania, Rev. I. Fereday, W. H. H., etc.

Grocr. Distr. Western and southern coasts. Tasmania.

Descr. Root a small conical disc. Frond rising from a cylindrical stipes 1—}
inch in length, and line in diameter, bag-like, clavate or fusiform or
sausage-shaped, 3-12 or 16 inches in length, and from $ inch to 2 inches
in diameter. Usually the bag is perfectly simple, the younger ones being
pear-shaped or obovate, the older more clavate, and, especially in var. a, pass-
ing into fusiform; very rarely the bag becomes once or even twice forked.
In all cases the apex is obtuse. When recent the bag is filled with a trans-

parent gelatine, varying in consistence in different specimens, being some-
times firm, sometimes lax and slimy: it is developed in the large cells of the
centre, which soon perish, and have not yet been carefully examined in fresh
and young specimens. In drying the gelatine disappears, the membranous
frond adheres most closely to paper, and the cells very imperfectly expand
onre-moistening. The conceptacular fruit consists of favellidia, immersed in
the frond, below the intermediate layer; they are plentifully scattered over
the surface of the bags. Tetraspores have not yet been seen. ‘The colour
varies from rose-red to livid-purple, and the dark-coloured specimens are
generally (but not always) more rigid than the brighter-coloured.

In distributing my Alg. Exsic. Austr., I mistook the present
plant for a Halosaccion, a genus of the North Pacific Ocean,
having a very similar external habit, but (as I now know) a dif-
ferent structure, and probably (?) dissimilar fruit. The dags in
Halosaccion are filled with air or with sea-water, and are of a rigid
substance, and densely cellular structure; in our new genus
Gloiosaccion, they are normally filled with jelly, and the structure
is more lax, and substance greatly softer. I venture to refer to
the F. allantoides, R. Br. MS., thus noticed by Turner in his
account of F. saccatus (Halosaccion) :— A third Fucus, which
seems in a great measure allied to both these, has been sent to
me by Mr. Brown, from New Holland. Its interior is filled
with gelatine, its membranous coat partakes of the same gelati-
nous nature, and its shape is remarkably pyriform,”—all which
characters answer to the species now figured. Our two varieties
differ chiefly in colour; and numerous specimens, from various
stations, show the passage of one form into the other. I once
found a specimen forking twice, and thus resembling Scinaia
FJurcellata.

Fig. 1. Fronds of Guotosaccion Brown11,—the natural size. 2. Section of
membrane, to show cellular structure. 3. A similar section, cutting through
a favellidium :—the latter figures highly magnified.

; 2 ee AL, ULTRA eae yn Vea eee
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( ve ; ; a

yt

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CWAPPy)

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Ser. CHLOROSPERMEA. Fam. Siphonacee.

Prats LXXXIV.
CAULERPA HYPNOIDES, “%.

Gen. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their lower
surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of
various shapes. Sudstance horny-membranous, destitute of calcareous
matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid grumous matter. Fructification unknown.—
CauterPa (Lamz.), from xavdos, a stem, and éptra, to creep.

Frons ex surculis prostratis hie illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis
formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellule
membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti-
bus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fruct. ignota.

CauLerpa hypnoides ; surculus robust, densely covered with cylindrical,
dichotomous scales; frond erect, stipitate, lanceolate, attenuate, pin-
nated; stipes and pinne everywhere clothed with forked, cylindrical,
obtuse, emarginate and mucronulate, spreading, bright-green ramenta.

C. hypnoides ; swrculo crasso squamulis cylindraceis dichotomis dense muricato ;
fronde erecta stipitata lanceolata utringue attenuata pinnata ; stipite pinnis-
gue foliolis undique obtectis ; foliolis medio furcatis cylindraceis obtusis apice
emarginatis mucronulatis patentibus lete viridibus.

CauLerpa hypnoides, 4g. Spec. Alg. v. 1. p. 443. 4g. Syst. p. 183. Endl.
3rd Suppl. p. 16. Hook. Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2.p. 260. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr.
n. 550.

Cuavvinia hypnoides, Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 497.
Fucus hypnoides, R. Br. in Turn. Hist. Fuc. v. 3. p. 93. t. 173.

Has. In deep tide-pools, and the vertical sides of reefs, at and below low-
water mark. Common along the western and southern shores, and
in Tasmania.

Groar. Distr. Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand.

Descr. Surculi extensively creeping, several inches long, 2-3 lines in diameter,
rooting at long or short intervals, very closely covered with extremely
minute, twice or thrice forked scales, so closely set that the surface formed
of their points is quite even and velvety. Fronds 10-12 inches or more
in length, on a stipes 1-2 feet long, regularly lanceolate in outline, narrowed
towards each end, closely pinnate. The stipes and rachis are densely im-
bricated with forked ramenta. The pinne are distichous, simple or rarely
forked, setaceous, 1—2 inches long, closely set, patent and somewhat curved,
and are clothed with tri-quadrifarious, patent ramenta, forked a short way

below their middle, and about a line in length. The apices of the prongs
of the fork are emarginate, each lobe simply (not doubly) mucronulate.
Generally the frond is but once pinnate; but in luxuriant specimens the
rachis throws out secondary rachides, which are in turn pinnated, and a bi-
pinnate or even dendroid frond is formed. The colour is a peculiarly bright
grass-green, inclining to yellowish in age. The substance is soft and flaccid
in the pinnated portion of the frond, which adheres closely to paper; but
rigid and rough in the stipes and surculi, which do not adhere to paper.

et ea oo a a tt tt tt tt

By comparing the Plate now given with Plate II. (C. Mueller),
the resemblances and differences between these closely allied
species may be seen. Externally the present differs from the
former in its bright-green or yellowish colour, in the more lan-
ceolate general outline, and in the more laxly set and patent or
squarrose ramenta. The microscope reveals another and more
essential character ; the ramenta in C. hypnoides being forked
near the middle; and in C. Muelleri at the very base. The
present is much the commonest species; extending along the
whole west and south coasts of Australia, and to Tasmania and
New Zealand. It bears a remarkably close resemblance to a
Swiss fossil, figured by Brongniart, under the name “ Fucozdes
hypnoides’’ (Brongn. Hist. t. 9 dis, t. 1-2).

Fig. 1. CAULERPA HYPNOIDES,—the natural size. 2 One of the forked ramenta.
3. Apex of one of the prongs. 4. One of the dichotomous scales from the
surculus :—the latter figures variously magnified,

ei AWOEE,

P

= Var

rp.
ee

cent Brooks, in

Ser. RuoposPERMEs. Fam. Cryptonemiacee.

Puate LXXXV.
GELINARIA ULVOIDEA, sond

Gen. Car. Frond thick and fleshy, flat, irregularly pinnatifid, composed
of three strata; the medullary of densely packed, interwoven, longitu-
dinal filaments ; the zwtermediate of several rows of roundish-angular
cellules ; the cortical of vertical, closely packed filaments. Fructifi-
cation unknown.—GELINARIA (Sond.), from gelu, ‘frost ;? whence gela-
¢ine, in allusion to the substance of this plant.

Frons cartilagineo-carnosa, plana, vage pinnatim composita, stratis tribus consti-
tuta; strato medullari ex filis densissime implexis longitudinalibus, inter-
medio cellulis parvis pluriseriatis rotundato-angulatis, corticali filis vertica-
libus crebris formato. Fructus ignotus.

GELINARIA wlvoidea, Sond.

GELINARIA ulvoidea, Sond. in Mohl and Schl. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p.55. Sond.
in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. v. 2.p.172. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p.197. Harv. im
Trans. Rk. I. Acad. v. 22.p. 556. Harv. Alg. Evsic. n. 434.

HaLyMeEnta ulvoidea, Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 718.
Has. Western Australia, Preiss. Freemantle, VW. H. H., G. Clifton. Also
at King George’s Sound, W. H. #.

Grocer. Distr. West and south-west coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root a fleshy, expanded disc, nearly $ inch in diameter. Frond stipi-
tate; the stipes compressed, 1-13 lines in diameter, firmly cartilaginous,
1-2 inches long, gradually expanding into the cuneate base of the frond.
Frond \—2 feet long, and nearly as much in the expansion of the segments,
repeatedly divided and very irregularly on a pinnatifid type. The principal
axile segment or rachis is 1-2 inches broad, subsimple or forked, tapering
much to the base, and generally abrupt, but sometimes lanceolate at the
apex. This is closely or distantly pinnated with lateral, linear-lanceolate
branches, which in young specimens are simply toothed or inciso-dentate ;
in older, once or twice pinnatifid; the pinnules acute, the younger ones su-
bulate, the older sublanceolate. In some specimens the branches are 3-
inch broad, and but little divided ; in others 1—4 inch, and several times
compound, the ultimate laciniz being very narrow. No fruit has yet been
seen. The substance is very firmly fleshy and somewhat crisp, or cartila-
ginous when fresh; soon becoming soft, and decomposing in fresh-water ;
when dry, gelatino-membranaceous, closely adhering to paper. The proper
colour is a full-lake, staining paper with a pinky tinge, but more commonly
the frond is tinted with livid-red or greenish, and finally the whole fades
to a dull, pale greenish-white. The swzface has a peculiarly mottled appear-
ance, which is most obvious in the brightest-coloured specimens, and is

caused by the alternately darker or paler gonidia (cellules of the inter-
mediate stratum), seen through the superficial layer. The s¢ructwre is much
denser than in Halymenia, more similar to that of Kalymenia.

PLP PIII LPI LL LIIILIILI LL LLLIII

Until the fructification of this remarkable plant be discovered,
its exact affinities cannot be satisfactorily settled. By Kiitzing
it is referred to Halymenia, a genus which at different times has
been made to comprise a number of heterogeneous types. The
present species appears to me to be one of such, for judging
by the structure of the frond, I should suspect that its position
will be nearer to Kallymenia among the genera with compound
nuclei ( favellidia). Sonder originally described it from very in-
complete and discoloured specimens. It is one of the largest
and strongest-growing of the Western Australian Rhodosperms,
and would require a folio plate to do it adequate justice. Some
specimens are very much narrower and more densely branched
than the one here figured.

There is another Western Australian Alga (Vemastoma ? ge-
linarioides, Harv.), found at King George’s Sound, which bears
a striking external resemblance to this plant; but its structure
is different and much more dense. Its fruit also is unknown, and
the name given to it must therefore be considered provisional.

Fig. 1. GHLINARIA ULVOIDEA,—¢he natural size. 2. Section through the frond,
—magnified. 3. Minute portion of the cortical stratum :—more highly
magnified.

“Vineent Broalss, Emp.

Ser. RHoDOSPERMES. Fam. Rhodymeniacea.

Puate LXXXVI.
ERYTHROCLONIUM SONDERI, Zarv.

Grn. Cuar. Stem terete, its branches constricted as if jointed, composed
of an articulated axial filament, and three strata; the medullary stra-
tum composed of longitudinal, interwoven filaments ; the ztermediate
of several rows of roundish, coloured cellules; the cortical of very
minute, subseriated cellules. ructification: 1, conceptacles sessile,
depressed, umbilicate, opening by a terminal pore, containing, within
a thick pericarp, moniliform strings of spores, radiating from a free
central placenta; 2, zonate ¢etraspores, dispersed through the cortical
cells,—Eryruroctonium (Sond.), from epv@pos, red, and krov, a
branch.

Frons caule tereti,ramisque articulato-constrictis, ex filo centrali articulato et stra-
tis tribus cellularum constituta ; strato medullari filis tenuibus longitudinali-
bus interteatis, intermedio cellulis rotundato-angulatis pluriseriatis, corticali
cellulis minimis subseriatis formato. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia sessilia, depressa,
umbilicata, carpostomio demum aperta, intra pericarpium crassum fila spori-

Jera moniliformia ex placenta centrali radiantia, foventia; 2, tetraspore
sparse, zonatim divise.

ErytHrocitonium Sonderi ; stem thick, short, glabrous; branches tricho-
tomous, their jomts and the ramuli elliptic-oblong or clavate, very
obtuse.

E. Sonderi; caule brevissimo crasso glabro; ramis trichotome decompositis,
articulis ramulisque clavatis elliptico-oblongis obovatisve obtusissimis.

ErytTHRocionium Sonderi, Harv. Alg. Exsic, n. 391.
RuaBDonia Sonderi, Harv. in Trans. R.I. Acad. v. 22. p. 554, excl. Syn,
J. Ag.
Has. Fremantle, W. H. H., G. Clifton.
Grocer. Distr. Western Australia.

Drscr. Root discoid. Stem 3-1 inch long, sometimes bulbous, 1-2 lines in
diameter, solid and rigid, suddenly breaking up into numerous, much di-
vided branches. ‘These branches are 4-6 inches long, constricted as if
jointed at intervals of about one-third of an inch, and sub-trichotomously
decompound. The dranches and their subdivisions opposite, or occasionally
alternate or secund. The ramuli sometimes subverticillate, four or five
springing from a node. In the lower part of old branches the nodes are ob-
scurely marked, and the branch becomes solid and subcontinuous, assimilating
with the stem ; in all younger parts the constrictions are regular and strong,

The internodes and ramuli are always obtuse at the extremity and acute at
base, but they vary in shape from linear-clavate to obovate, the former being
the prevalent form of the older, the latter of the younger internodes. The
conceptacles occur, several often together, on the younger lateral or terminal
ramuli; they are prominent, but depressed or umbilicate in the centre, and
contain a placenta, suspended in the midst of a large cavity, and emitting
to all sides slightly branched, moniliform spore-threads. The structure of
the frond varies with age; in the younger parts the filaments of the medul-
lary layer are few and distant, in the older they are very dense, and in the
oldest parts closely intertwined. The colour is a full dark blood-red, becom-
ing darker in drying. The substance is soft, and somewhat juicy, and the
frond adheres closely to paper in drying.

The genus Arythroclonium is allied on the one side to Rhaé-
donia and on the other to Areschougia. From the first it differs
by having a central or axile filament, and from the latter in
habit, and having more prominent conceptacles. The species
here figured, and to which I have given the name of the proposer
of the genus, greatly resembles in aspect the /. Muelleri, one of
the original species described by Sonder. It differs chiefly in
the stem, which is here quite smooth and even, while in #.
Muellert it is rough, with short tubercular or filiform processes.
The present is quite a western, and 7. Muelleri a south-eastern
form. Our plant is less densely branched, more rigid, and less
gelatinous, and more deeply coloured than 7. Muelleri, and is
usually larger or more robust; but at Georgetown, ‘Tasmania,
EF. Muelleri grows to a greatly larger size, through which, how-
ever, it preserves its peculiar characters. I am therefore dis-
posed to consider these two plants as truly distinct, though
nearly allied to each other.

Fig. 1. EryrHrocLontium Sonperi,—the natural size. 2. Branchlets with
conceptacles. 3. Section of a conceptacle. 4. Spore-string from the same.
5. Cross section of a branch. 6. Longitudinal semi-section of the same :
—the latter figures variously magnified.

Plate LITE

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Vincent Brooks, imp.

Ser. RHoposPERMEA. Fam. Spherococcoidea.

Puate LXXXVII.
DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSOIDES, Zarv.

Guy. Cuan. Frond leaf-like, membranous, areolated, symmetrical, simple
or branched, midribbed. Fiructification: 1, hemispherical concep-
tacles, sessile on the midrib or on a lateral nerve, containing a tuft of
moniliform spore-threads on a basal placenta; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores,
in definite sori or spots, on the frond or on accessory leaflets.—
Detessrrta (4g.), 10 honour of Baron Delessert, a distinguished
patron of botany.

Frons foliacea, membranacea, areolata, symmetrica, simplex v. ramosa, costata.
Fruct. : 1, coccidia in costa venisque frondis sessilia, hemispherica, fila spori-

Sera moniliformia a placenta basalt emissa foventia ; 2, tetraspore triangule
divise, in soros definitos collecta.

Dutesseria hypoglossoides ; dwarf, decumbent ; frond linear-lanceolate,
repeatedly proliferous from the three-tubed, joimted midrib, with leaf-
lets of a similar form; leaflets acute or acuminate, very entire;
fruit ?

D. hypoglossoides ; pusilla, decumbens ; fronde lineari-lanceolata e costa tenui
trisiphonia articulata repetite prolifera; foliolis acutis acuminatisve in-
tegerrimis.

DevessERiA hypoglossoides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 548.
Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 282.

Has. Rottnest Island, W.H.H. Garden Island, Western Australia,
G. Clifton. Dredged in Port Jackson, C. Moore.

Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Port Jackson, New South Wales.

Drscr. Root somewhat creeping. Fronds 1-8 or 4 inches long, normally quite
simple, 1-3 lines in diameter, linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, and often
prolonged at the apex into a subulate or filiform acumination. From the
midrib of this primafy leaf spring other leaflets of similar form; and their
midribs emit others: thus by repeated proliferous growth the old fronds
may become densely much branched. The midrib is very slender, jointed
at short intervals, each joint formed of three oblong cellules, of which the
middle one is cylindrical, and the lateral flat on the inner and angularly
convex on the outer side. At each side of this midrib is a broad band
of roundish-angular cells, gradually diminishing in size outwards, and pass-
ing into somewhat horizontally seriated linear cells, which terminate in the
very entire, flat margin. No fruit has vet been seen. The colour is a clear
rosy-red or carmine. The sabstance is delicately membranous, and the plant
in drying adheres firmly to paper.

At first sight this plant would pass for a weak-growing speci-
men of Delesseria Hypoglossum, so common on the shores of
Britain, and of some coasts of Europe and North America; and
which is also closely related to D. crassinervia of the Antarctic
zone. But the microscope at once reveals characters in the mid-
rib and in the cellular structure of the lamina, which are both
readily seen and constant, and which therefore mark the species.
The jomted three-tubed midrib is found in several other species,
both Australian and American ; but not in D. hypoglossum, or any
of the European kinds. It was first observed in D. Leprieurit,
where it is even more strongly marked than in the present.

Our plant is closely related to D. spathulata, Sond., also a
West Australian species, and which differs much as D. ruscifolia
does from D. Hypoglossum.

Fig. 1. DELESSERIA HYPOGLOSSOIDES, the natural size. 2. Portion of a leaf,
magnified ; showing the distribution of the cells in the membrane, and the
jointed midrib.

“Encertt Brooks, imp.

Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Rhodomelacea.

Prats LXXXVITII.
DASYA HAPALATHRIX, Aarv.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform or compressed, dendroid; stem and branches
coated with small, polygonal cells (rarely articulated, and many-tubed) ;
the axis articulate, composed of several radiating cells surrounding
a central cavity ; ramelli articulated, one-tubed. SL ructification: 1,
ovate or urceolate ceramidia ; 2, lanceolate stichidia, attached to the
ramelli, and containing triangularly-parted tetraspores in transverse
rows.—Dasya (4y.), from dacus, hairy.

Frons filiformis v. compressa, dendroidea. Caulis ramique majores strato cel-
lularum corticati (raro pellucide articulati), ramellis monosiphoniis obsesst ;
axis articulatus, ex cellulis pluribus radiantibus tubum centralem cingentibus
formatus. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ovata v. urceolata; 2, stichidia lanceolata,
ex ramellis enata, tetrasporas transversim ordinatas foventia.

Dasya hapalathriz ; stem very long (3-6 feet), percurrent, inarticulate,
quite glabrous ; branches lanceolate in outline, alternate, twice or
thrice pinnately decompound, the ultimate ramifications setaceous, all
corticated and opaque; ramelli confined to the ultimate branchlets,
very soft and byssoid, dichotomous, their articulations 4-5 times as
long as broad; ceramidia (rather small) sessile, urceolate, with a
prominent orifice ; stichidia ovato-lanceolate, acuminate.

D. hapalathrix ; caule longissimo (3—-6-pedali) percurrente inarticulato glaber-
rimo ; ramis lateralibus circumscriptione lanceolatis alternis bis terve pinnatim
decompositis ; ramulis ultimis setaceis, omnibus corticatis opacisque ; ramellis
ramulos ultimos solum vestientibus mollissimis byssoideis dichotomis, articulis
diametro 4—5-plo longioribus ; ceramidiis (parvulis) sessilibus ovato-urceolatis
ore prominulo ; stichidiis ovato-lanceolatis acuminatis.

Dasya hapalathrix, Harv. Alg. Austr. Fusic, n. 201. Harv. in Hook. Fl.
Tasm. v. 2. p. 301.

Has. Port Phillip Heads, WH. H. Georgetown, Tasmania, R. Gunn,
Rev. I. Fereday. Abundantly at Point Rapid, in the Tamar, W. H. H.

Groar. Distr. South coast of Australia. Tasmania.

Descr. Root discoid. Frond 3-6 feet long, one or two lines in diameter, with a
linear-lanceolate general outline, not perfectly distichous: with a percurrent,
glabrous and glossy, opaque stem, set at intervals of one or two inches
with lateral branches, the lower and middle ones of which are a foot long,
the upper gradually shorter, all somewhat attenuated at base, and glabrous
and inarticulate like the stem. These branches are closely set with sub-
spirally inserted, alternate, slender secondary branches, which sometimes
bear a third and fourth series, sometimes only a third. The latter series

rapidly diminish in diameter, as compared with the set from which they
spring, and the wltimate divisions are barely setaceous, almost capillary.
All, to the smallest, are completely clothed with cortical cellules, without
trace of articulation. Ramelli are only found on the ultimate setaceous
branchlets, and only on their upper half; they are densely crowded, exces-
sively slender, and very soft, but tough and not soon decaying in fresh-water,
2-3 lines long and repeatedly dichotomous, of a rosy colour. ‘The concep-
tacles are of smail size, as compared with other species, and sessile on the
setaceous branchlets ; their mouth not very prominent, and the nucleus not
much branched. ‘The stichidia are generally solitary on the ramelli, and
taper from a broad base toa fine point. The colour is a rosy-red, sometimes
purplish. The substance is tough, and notwithstanding the great softness
and lubricity of the whole frond, it may be kept for a considerable time in
fresh-water without decomposing. In drying, this plant adheres very
closely to paper.

LOLs

The genus Dasya reaches its maximum of development on
the Australian coasts, and among the many species there abound-
ing the present may rank as the most softly beautiful and flow-
ing. Our figure merely represents one of the lateral branches
of a frond, which, fully displayed, would cover a sheet of double-
elephant paper. It is best seen however floating in clear water,
where every cobwebby filament stands apart, greatly mcreasing
the feathery character.

Among the Australian kinds it is perhaps nearest to D. villosa,
but besides differences in the ramification and fruit, it abun-
dantly differs in substance. D. villosa rapidly dissolves and falls
to pieces if thrown into fresh-water ; but D. Aapalathriz may be
steeped with little injury for a couple of days. D. villosa is
gelatinoso-cartilaginous ; D. hapalathrix tough, though very soft.
Both vary in colour, but D. hapalathriz is usually the brightest.

Fig. 1. DasyA HAPALATHRIX; one of the lateral branches, and a fragment
of the stem, the natural size. 2. A ramulus with conceptacles: 3. A con-
ceptacle. 4, A ramulus with stichidia. 5. A stichidium :—the latter figures
more or less magnified.

Ser. RuoposPERMEA:. Fam. Cryptonemiacee.

Puate LXXXIX.

EPYMENIA MEMBRANACEA, Zar.

Gen. Cuar. Frond below ribbed and caulescent, above expanded in flat,
forked lamin, composed of two strata; the medullary of oblong,
coloured cells; the cortical of vertically seriated, minute cellules.
Fructification borne on proper fruit-leaflets, springing from the la-
mine: 1, favel/e seated on a basal placenta, within a thick, hemi-
spherical pericarp ; 2, cruciate ¢e¢raspores, dispersed among the cor-
tical cellules of the leaflet-—Hpymrnta (Kiitz.), from e7re, upon, and
bunv, a membrane ; because the fructification is epiphy/lous.

Frons inferne costata et caulescens, sursum in laminas planas subdichotomas ex-
pansa, stratis duobus contexta ; strato medullari cellulis majusculis oblongis
coloratis, corticali cellulis minimis verticaliter ordinatis composito. Fructus
utriusque generis in sporophyllis propriis evolutus: 1, favelle intra pericar-
pium hemispherice elevatum crassum ad placentam basalem sessiles ; 2, tetra-
spore sparse, cruciatim divise.

EpyMenta membranacea ; frond stipitate, ribbed below, the stipes winged,
cuneate upwards, and expanding into a repeatedly dichotomous, flabel-
liform, thinly but rigidly membranous lamina; axils rather narrow,
apices narrowed to an obtuse point ; conceptacles one or two on each
fruit-leaflet.

E. membranacea ; fronde stipitata inferne costata ; stipite alato sursum cuneato
in frondem repetite dichotomam flabellatam tenui-membranaceam rigidiusculam
expanso ; axillis angustis, apicibus subangustatis obtusiusculis ; cystocarpus in
phyllo solitarus binisve.

EpYMENIA membranacea, Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. (med.).

Has. In the Tamar, at Georgetown, Tasmania, WV. H. H., C. Stuart.

Groer. Distr. Tasmania.

Descr. Root a hard disc. Fronds somewhat tufted, 6-10 inches long, and as
much in expansion. Stipes 1-24 inches long, about a line broad, rigid and
firm, cylindrical, with a narrow wing at each side. Upwards the wing
widens into the cuneate base of the lamina, and the thick and rigid stipes
degenerates into a midrib, and is soon lost in the widening membrane.
The lamina is 4-5 times regularly forked; its general outline is flabelli-
form, and its segments are broadly linear, }% or nearly 1 inch broad, sepa-
rated by narrow axils, and slightly tapering upwards to an obtuse but not
abrupt point. The substance of the frond is very thin and semitransparent, -
but rigid, without any tendency to adhere to paper in drying. “The colour,
when fresh, is rather deep, somewhat purpurascent red; fading, on expo-

sure, to a dull reddish-brown, and bleaching to a dirty-white. The cellular
structure is very dense ; all the cells of the medullary layer are filled with
endochrome. ‘The conceptacles are formed, one or two together, on super-
ficial, cuneate or obovate leaflets, +1 inch long ; their pericarp is very thick,
and the chamber much larger than the nucleus, which (perhaps) is imma-
ture in our specimens. Zetraspores unknown.

To the casual observer this plant will appear very like the
common European Rhodymenia palmata, better known perhaps
by its vulgar name Dalse or Dillisk ; but obvious differences
may be found on more careful examination. The most obvious
is the rigid, winged stipes, passing into a vanishing rib in the
lower part of the frond. There is no trace of such a stipes or rib
in £. palmata. A difference in fruit, and in the intimate struc-
ture of the frond, further obliges us to place these two plants,
so like externally, not only in different genera, but in different
families.

The genus Lpymenia was founded by Kiitzing on a plant from
the Cape, which had been referred by Greville to Phyllophora.
That species (4. obtusa, Kiitz.) is nearly related to the Alga
now figured, but is of much brighter colour, of thicker sub-
stance, with broader, more wedge-shaped, and much more ab-
ruptly obtuse apices. It has been found in New Zealand, and
may perhaps occur on the south coast of Tasmania, but has not
yet been recorded. A third species (#. acuta) is found in New
Zealand. The ‘“ Rhod. variolosa,”’ of ‘ Flora Antarctica,’ referred
to Hpymenia by Kiitzing, does not belong to this genus.

Fig. 1. EpyMEnIA MEMBRANACEA. 2. Fragment of a fruit-bearing frond :—
both of the xatwral size. 8. Section through a pericarp, showing the en-
closed favella,—magnified.

Ce KE

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[emt JSP O CRS: CHEhS

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au

Ser. RHoposPERMES. Fam. Ceramiacee.

Pratt XC.

CALLITHAMNION LICMOPHORUM, Zarv.

Gen. Car. Frond filiform, branched, articulated, monosiphonous, the stem
and branches (in many species) at length thickened internally, or
coated externally with decurrent filaments; ramuli always pellucidly
articulate and monosiphonous. ructification: 1, favelle generally
in pairs, axillary or sessile on the branches, naked, containing nume-
rous angular spores; 2, ¢e¢raspores naked, sessile or pedicellate, dis-
tributed on the ramuli, generally triangularly parted.—CaLLirHaMNioNn
(Lyngb.), from Karras, beautiful, and Oapviov, a little shrub.

Frons filiformis, ramosa, articulata, monosiphonia, caule ramisque majoribus
(in pluribus) demum fibris decurrentibus interne vel externe evolutis corticatis
v. firmatis ; ramulis semper pellucide articulatis. Fruct.: 1, favelle binate,
axillares v. ad ramos sessiles, nude, sporas numerosas angulatas foventes ; 2,
tetraspore nude, ad ramulos sessiles v. pedicellate, triangule v. cruciatim di-

VISA.

CatuitHamnNion Licmophorum; frond flabelliform, subdichotomously de-
compound, the stem and principal branches at length coated exter-
ually with decurrent, interwoven, and anastomosing fibres ; branches
spreading to all sides, virgate, set throughout with alternate, flabellate
ramuli; ramuli dichotomous, fastigiate, their articulations 4—5 times
as long as broad, swollen upwards, their apices subacute ; tetraspores
pedicellate, solitary in the axils of the ramuli.

C. liemophorum ; fronde flabelliformi subdichotome decomposita, caule ramisque
majoribus demum fibris decurrentibus intertextis anastomosantibusque dense
velatis ; ramis quoquoversum egredientibus virgatis strictis ramulis flabellatis
alternis crebre ornatis ; ramulis brevibus dichotomo-multifidis fastigiatis, ar-
ticulis diametro 4—5-plo longioribus sursum incrassatis, apicibus acutiusculis ;
tetrasporis pedicellatis ad axillas ramulorum solitaris.

CALLITHAMNION licmophorum, Harv. Aly. Austr. Hxsic. n. 536.

Has. Shortland’s Bluff, Port Phillip; and Philip Island, Western Port,
Victoria, VW. H. H.

Goer. Distr. South coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root a mat of fibres, surrounding a central disc. Fronds loosely tufted,
4—6 inches high, and fully as much in the expansion of the branches, irre-
gularly divided from the base in a subdichotomous manner, but with the
branches and their divisions spreading in all directions. In the young plant
the whole frond is pellucidly articulate ; nor do the joints of the stem or
branches ever become opaque, or “ corticated”’ with internally developed
cellules. But they soon are coated externally with decurrent fibres, origi-
nating at the insertion of the ramuli, and extending downwards, clasping
round the branch or stem, and at length enveloping it in a filamentous

sheath. The shaggy-coated, rope-like stem is then often a line or more in
diameter ; the major branches 3—+ line, and the lesser ones proportionately
less thick, as the coat of fibrils is less developed. ‘The ultimate branches
generally remain nude; they are remarkably straight and rod-like, about
2 inches long, and bear at every node, in alternate but laxly spiral order,
short flabelliform ramuli. The ramuli are 1-2 lines long, several times
forked, their segments of equal length. The articulations of the branches
are 5-8, of the ramuli 4-5 times as long as broad ; the cell-walls are thick
and gelatinous, and the endochrome narrow. Tetraspores are borne in the
forks of the ramuli, on very short pedicels. The colour is a clear pinky-red,
rapidly discharged in fresh-water. The swdstance is soft; and the plant very
quickly decomposes in the air or in fresh-water; and in drying adheres very
strongly to paper.

The genus Callithamnion is a very large one, dispersed through
almost all seas, having many representatives in Australia, and
comprising several more or less distinctly marked subtypes or
subgenera. Notwithstanding the wide differences of habit, and
of degree of development between the several species, I prefer
keeping the genus nearly as left to us by Lyngbye, and as re-
tained by J. Agardh, to breaking it up into several. The species
now figured is obviously allied to the European C. corymbosum,
and to the Australian C. flabelligerum, C. grifithsioides, etc.,
but by the characters of its stem it would fall under the “ Spon-
goclonium”’ of Sonder; a genus proposed to be founded on my
Call. tingens (Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 508), and to which several
other Australian species may be referred. All these agree in
having their stems and larger branches at least, coated externally
with a spongy mass of interwoven filaments, increasing with the
age of the specimens, and obviously of the same nature as the
internal filaments that in other species cause opaque stems and
branches, and define Kiitzing’s genus Ph/ebothamniom. ‘There
is this objection to employing as a generic character these sup-
plementary fibres, whether internal or external, namely, that they
vary in amount according to the age of the individual specimen.
Hence, a young frond may be referable to a genus different from
that of its parent frond; or, the dranches of a specimen may
be “ Callithamnion” and the stem either “ Phlebothamnion” or
“« Spongoclonium.”’

Fig. 1. CALLITHAMNION LIcMoPHORUM,—4he natural size. 2. A dichotomous
branchlet, and a single joint of a branch. 3. Tip of a branchlet, with axillary
tetraspores. 4. A tetraspore :—the latter figures variously magni/ied.

a

Place ate

2

in.

et 2 ve!
ent Broaks,

“Vine

Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Rhodomelacea.

Puatt XCI.

HALODICTYON AUSTRALE, darv.

Gen. Cuar. Frond a tubular, simple or forked network, formed by
numerous, inosculating, confervoid filaments; the meshes irregular,
emitting at the angles free, horizontal ramelli. Mructefication: 1,
urceolate ceramidia, containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, lan-
ceolate stichidia, containing a single or double row of ¢etraspores.—
Hatoprcryon (Zanard.), from aXs, the sea, and duxruoy, a net.

Frons (quasi reticulum tubulosum, simplex v. furcatum) ex filis confervoideis
numerosis angulatim anastomosantibus conflata; maculis wregularibus, ra-
mellos horizontales breves ad angulos emittentibus. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia

urceolata, fasciculum sporurum pyriformium includentia ; 2, stichidia lanceo-
lata, tetrasporas triangule divisas uni-biseriatas foventia.

Hatopicryon avstrale; network cylindrical, repeatedly forked, bristling
with excurrent, free ramuli; filaments-capillary, the primary articula-
tions cylindrical, about four times as long as broad; ceramidia pedi-
cellate, ovate-urceolate, with a promineut orifice.

H. australe; reticulo terete dichotomo ramulis liberis excurrentibus furcatis
dense velato ; filis capillaribus, articulis primaris cylindraceis diametro 4-plo
longioribus ; ceramidiis pedicellatis ovato-urceolatis, ore prominulo.

Hanowta australis, Sond. in Mohi and Sch. Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 52. Pl.
Preiss. v. 2. p.170. Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 558. Aly.
Austr. Exsic. n. 115.

Has. Western Australia, Preiss! Fremantle, VW. H. H., G. Clifton.
Groar. Distr. West coast of Australia.

Duscr. Fronds originating in a sponge-like, amorphous network of anastomosing
filaments; several from the same base, cylindrical, 1-3 inches long, 2-3
lines in diameter, subsimple, or once, twice, or thrice forked. The cylin-
drical frond is formed of several parallel, longitudinal, branching filaments,
whose branchlets anastomose into the polygonal meshes of the tubular net-
work ; forming five- or six-sided meshes. From the angles of these meshes
are given off externally, short spreading or horizontal, free, once or twice
forked ramelli, which spread in all directions, and give the frond, to the
naked eye, a shaggy aspect. The whole frond is pellucidly articulated and
composed of monosiphonous filaments ; the articulations of the meshes are
3-4 times as long as broad, those of the ramuli about the same, or shorter.
The ceramidia are borne on the free ramuli, the fertile ramulus being
shortened to a single joint; they are somewhat inflated, with a projecting
orifice; the spores are very narrow-pyriform, or rather clavate. The
colour is a clear red, discharged in fresh-water ; in drying it becomes darker

and browner. The swdstance is membranous and juicy, rather quickly de-
composing ; and in drying the plant adheres strongly to paper.

At Plate XX XVII. of our first volume we have figured two
species of Halodictyon ; one of them furnished with tetrasporic
fruit ; and we now present the third Australian species, furnished
with its cystocarpic fruit, clearly showing that the genus belongs
to the Rhodomelacee, and differs from Dasya chiefly in the
structure of the frond. It is, so to say, as if the ramelli of a
Dasya, removed from the polysiphonous axis, were formed into
a tubular network, or we may compare it to Zhuretia deprived
of the internal framework or skeleton. When this plant was
first observed, Sonder, by whom it was described, judging by
the Callithamnoid structure of its filaments, referred it to Cera-
miacee, proposing for it the genus Hanowia. Agardh, while
adopting that supposed genus and retaiming it among Cera-
miacee, noticed its structural “analogy, if not affinity,” with
Halodictyon, a genus of Rhodomelacee, already founded on an
Adriatic Alga. Our knowledge of the fructification of the
Australian species is due to Mr. George Clifton, to whose many
discoveries among the Algz of Western Australia I have so
frequently to refer, and to whom I owe the only fruit-bearmg
specimen of this curious Alga that I possess.

Fig. 1. HaLopicryon AUSTRALE,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a branch of
the network. 3. A mesh, a ramulus, and a ceramidium. 4. Spores:—the
latter figures more or less magnified.

Vincent Brooks, imp.

Ser. MELANOSPERME. Fam. Sporochnoidea.

Prats XCII.
SPOROCHNUS APODUS, Zar.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, solid, pmnately decompound. Receptacles pod-
shaped, pedicellate (rarely sessile), crowned with a tuft of soft hairs,
and densely covered with whorled, branching, sporiferous filaments.
Spores oblong, attached to the filaments.—Sporocunvs (4y.), from
aomopos, a seed, and yvoos, wool; because tufts of soft hairs crown
the fructification.

Frons filiformis, solida, pinnatim ramosa. eceptacula siligueformia, sepis-
sime pedicellata, apice comosa, paranematibus ramosis horizontalibus verticil-
latis densissime vestita. Spore obovoidee, ad paranemata laterales.

Sporocunus apodus ; frond setaceous; the branches very long, subsimple ;

receptacles sessile, linear-oblong, subacute, horizontally patent, densely
set.

S. apodus ; fronde setacea, ramis longissimis simpliciusculis ; receptaculis sessili-
bus lineari-oblonyis subacutis horizontaliter patentibus numerosissimis crebris-
que.

Sporocunvs apodus, Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 287.
Has. At Georgetown, Tasmania; very rare, W. H. H.
GroGcr. Distr. Tasmania.

Duscr. Root and base of the frond unknown. Stéem as thick as hog’s-bristle,
of unknown length, set at intervals of {-} inch with alternate branches.
Branches very long, 1-14 feet in length, thread-like, attenuated to the ex-
tremity, either quite simple or emitting a few slender, irregular, and more or
less barren branchlets, 1-2 inches in length. The dranches are tipped with
a rather small brush-like tuft of filaments, and throughout their whole
length densely set with horizontally patent spine-like receptacles. These
receptacles are 1—2 lines long, quite sessile, broadest at base, subcylindrical,
but slightly tapering upwards, and ending in a narrow, gland-tipped point,
from which springs a tuft of soft, articulated, deciduous, byssoid fibres.
The receptacles are of the ordinary structure, consisting of irregularly branched
filaments, bearing spores, and whorled round a cylindrical axis. The colour
is dark-olive when dry, paler and more tawny when fresh. The sudstance
is soft; and the plant adheres to paper in drying.

I am not partial to proposing new species on the faith of
solitary specimens, yet there are some cases in which it is un-

doubtedly right to do so. Our opening Plate of the present
Volume (Claudea Bennettiana) is a striking instance of a very
strongly characterized plant, of whose distinctness from the pre-
viously known species there can be no question, and yet which
is only known by a small fragment once dredged in a locality
which has been repeatedly searched in vain for further data.

The Sporochnus now figured is also founded on a single speci-
men, that occurred among drift-weeds above Georgetown, Tas-
mania; where Sp. comosus, im many varieties, is profusely com-
mon. If the present be one of these varieties, it is at least
a most strongly marked one, differmg not only from all states
of S. comosus, but from every other species of Sporochnus, in the
complete absence of pedicel to the receptacle. On this character
alone therefore I venture to propose the species; other diffe-
rences of habit will be seen when we figure S. comosus.

S. apodus is further interesting as being the link that connects
Sporochnus with Nereia; and reduces the difference between
these genera to the degree of evolution of the axis round which
the spore-threads are whorled. In Wereia the axis is punctiform
or discoid, and the result is a conical or hemispherical recep-
tacle ; in Sporochnus it 1s filiform, and the result an oblong or
cylindrical receptacle. These two genera of Algze therefore have
a similar analogy with each other, as have the proteaceous genera
Dryandra and Banksia.

Fig. 1. Sporocunus apopus,—the natural size. 2. Part of a branch, with re-
ceptacles. 3. Spore-threads from the receptacle :—the latter figures vari-
ously magnified.

Plate XCHI.

YS

; 2
Pe Ora,

q)

Ser. RHopOSPERME. Fam. Cryptonemiacea.

Puate XCITI.
GATTYA PINNELLA, Harv.

Guy. Cuar. Frond distichous, pinnatifid, hollow, tubular, with a mem-
branous periphery, and an articulated, monosiphonous axile fila-
ment. Avile filament articulate, callithamnioid, emitting at each joint
whorled, dichotomous ramelli, whose tips, cohering together, form
the membranous periphery of the frond. wit unknown.—Named
in honour of Mrs. Gatty, of Ecclesfield, Yorkshire, a diligent ex-
plorer of British Algze and marine animals, and author of ‘A Horn-
book of Phycology,’ ete. ete. ‘

Frons disticha, pinnatifida, tubulosa (cava), peripherio membranaceo axigue mo-
nosiphonio articulato composita. Filum centrale articulatum, callithamnio-

ideum, ad genicula ramellos verticillatos dichotomos emittens, quorum apicibus
arcte coherentibus peripherium membranaceum frondis constructum est.

Garrya pinnella, Harv.

Gartya pinnella, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 555; Alg. Hesic.
Austr. n. 422.

Has. Parasitical on Alge and Corallines. Rottnest Island, W. H. H.
Geocr. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Fronds rising from prostrate swrculi, which are closely attached at inter-
vals by minute discs to the surface of some Alga, afterwards free and erect,
1-15 inch high, alternately or irregularly branched. The branches are per-
fectly distichous, of unequal lengths, long and short occurring together, and
all are linear in outline and deeply pinnatifid. Pinnules alternate, + a line
long, patent, broadly subulate, subacute, with blunt axils. The whole
frond is tubular and hollow, but compressed, a cross section being nearly
oval. The ¢ude is traversed by a jointed, monosiphonous, coloured, filamen-
tous axis, resembling the branch of a Callithamnion ; this axis, at each joint,
throws out a whorl of repeatedly dichotomous, horizontal, fastigiate 7a-
mellt, whose extremities alone anastomose, and thus form the enveloping
membrane which constitutes the membranous covering of the frond. ‘The
whole frond is therefore composed of the axis and its appendages. When
viewed under a low magnifying power (as Fig. 2), the frond appears as if
midribbed and penninerved; this appearance vanishes under an increased
power, and is caused by the axile filament and its ramelli being seen
through the semitranslucent cellules of the peripheric membrane. No fruc-
tification has yet been observed. ‘The colour is a dark, somewhat brownish
red. The substance is soft, but not gelatinous, and the plant adheres firmly
to paper in drying.

DP ese

The elegant little Alga that forms the subject of our present
Plate, appears by its structure to be entitled to rank as the type
of a genus, of which, at present, it is the only known species.
Until the fructification shall have been discovered, its exact place
in the system cannot be clearly determined ; and whether it is
in future to rank near Catenella, or near Hndocladia and Gloio-
peltis, or again near Caulacanthus, with all of which it has points
in common, remains to be seen.

It is of rather rare occurence. My specimens were generally
found on Sarcocladia obesa, on which plant, owing to similarity
of colour, they are apt to be overlooked ; that selected for draw-
ing grew on Amphiroa anceps.

The generic name is given in honour of the accomplished
Author of ‘Parables from Nature,’ ‘ Worlds not Realized,’ and
other juvenile works, which deserve a still wider circulation than
they have yet attained, and who has fairly earned a place in the
gratitude of “ Algoloquists”” by her useful ‘ Hornbook of Phyco-

logy.’

Fig. 1. GaTTya PINNELLA, growing on Amphiroa anceps,—the natural size. 2.
Portion of the frond,—somewhat enlarged. 3. Apex of a pinnule cut open
to show the axile filament. 4. Transverse section of the same. 5. One of
the dichotomous, horizontal ramelli :—the latter figures highly magnified.

Flate CIV

’

‘Vincent Brooks, Emp.

Ser. RHopOsPERMES. Fam. Spherococcoidea.

PLATE XCIV.

NITOPHYLLUM EROSUM, Zarv.

Gen. Cuan. Frond membranaceous, expanded, areolate, unsymmetrical,
nerveless or irregularly veined. ructification: 1, hemispherical con-
ceptucles, sessile on the frond, containing a tuft of moniliform spore-
threads, on a basal placenta; 2, tripartite ¢e¢raspores, in definite sori
or spots, scattered, or confined to some part of the frond.—Nrro-
PHYLLUM (Grev.), from nitor, ‘to shine,’ and dvAXor, a leaf.

Frons membranacea, expansa, areolata, vage fissa, enervia v. bast venulis wregu-
laribus peragrata. Fruct.: 1, coccidia frondi sessilia, hemispherica, fila
sporifera moniliformia a placenta basali emissa foventia ; 2, tetraspore trian-
gule divise, in soros definitos collecte.

NiToPHYLLUM eroswm ; stipes minute, cylindrical, cartilaginous, passing
into the cuneate base of a broadly linear, dichotomously multifid
frond ; lacinize nerveless, linear, obtuse, with wide axils ; margin every-
where fringed with minute dichotomo-multifid processes ; conceptacles
crowned with cilia; sori numerous, oval, scattered over the whole
surface of the frond.

N. erosum ; stipite brevi cylindraceo cartilagineo in basi cuneata frondis mox
evanescente, fronde lineari vage dichotoma, laciniis enervibus obtusis axillis
rotundatis, margine processibus minutis ramosissimis dense fimbriato, coccidiis
coronatis, sorisque oblongis sparsis.

NiroPpHyLuuM erosum, Harv. Aly. Hxsic. Austr. n. 293.

NIToPHYLLUM fimbriatum, Harv. Trans. R. I. Acad. n. 22. p. 549, non Grev.

Has. On Algze and Zostera. Garden Island, W.H.H., G. Clifton. Port
Harry, W. iH. H.

Groer. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia,

Derscr. Root a small dise. Stipes 1-2 lines long, setaceous, cartilaginous, pass-
ing into a nerve, which soon disappears in the cuneate base of the frond.
Frond 1-4 inches long, nowhere more than } an inch wide, more or less
divided, and frequently. multipartite ; the segments broadly linear, irregularly
forked, somewhat curled or flat, patent, with wide rounded axils and blunt
extremities. The margin in every part is closely fringed with minute mul-
tifid processes, from 4~—} line long, divaricately forked, the ultimate pro-
cesses capillary and articulate. The membrane is formed of 3-4 series of
quadrate cells; the surface laxly areolated. Conceptacles irregularly scat-
tered, not numerous on each frond, hemispherical, but crowned (always ?)
with forked processes resembling those of the margin; placenta not very
prominent. Sori oblong or oval, 4 line long, dot-like, thickly strewed over

the whole surface of the lamina, or of its principal divisions. Colour a full
deep-red, like that of Callophyllis laciniata. Substance rather thick, not
very delicate ; the frond adhering to paper in drying.

As far as technical characters go, this plant is amply distin-
guished from all others of the extensive genus to which it be-
longs. No other species of Mtophyllwm has its margin so fringed
with minute, repeatedly multifid processes, and this mark will
forbid any one mistaking it. But this very fringe, to the eye
accustomed to “divarication of species”’ among Alge, looks
suspicious, particularly as a similar ornament is found on the
conceptacles ; and I shall not be surprised if it be eventually
proved that we have here but a fringed variety of some plain-
bordered species unknown. ‘The Australian phycologist is fami-
liar with a frmged variety of Plocamium procerum which, had
we no intermediate states to guide us, might pass for a good
species.

Nitophyllum has many species, dispersed through most of the
temperate zones, and a few that stragele into the tropical seas.
There are several Australian kinds, but the genus is chiefly
abundant to the east of Cape Northumberland and in Tas-
mania, where some common species attain a large size. The
grandest of the Mitophylla however are found at Cape Horn
and the Cape of Good Hope.

Fig. 1. NrropHYLLUM EROSUM,—+¢he natural size. 2. Part of a lacinia, with a
conceptacle,—not much enlarged. 3. Vertical section of a conceptacle. 4.
Frustule of frond, to show marginal fringe and sori. 5. A tetraspore :—
the latter figures much magnified.

4

A

-.
=
Be,

pee

Pap ES aya
a em a

Ae

“Viteeerit Brooks, Emp

Ser. CHLOROSPERME&. Fam. Siphonacea.

Puate XCV.
CAULERPA HARVEY], 7 Mell.

Grn. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate swreuli, rooting from their lower
surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds) of
various shapes. Substance horny-membranaceous, destitute of cal-
careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell (frond) continuous,
strengthened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing fila-
ments, and filled with a semifluid grumous matter. Fructification
unknown.—Cav.erea (Lamvz.), from Kavos, a stem, and éptra, to
creep: creeping surculi are characteristic of this genus.

Frons ex surculis prostratis hic illic radicantibus et ramis erectis polymorphis
constituta. Substantia corneo-membranacea. Structura unicellulosa, cellu-

le membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomo-
santibus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fruct. ignota.

Cauterea Harvey: ; surculus robust, glabrous and glossy; fronds with
long, glabrous stipites, subsimple or alternately branched; the rachis
and branches thickly whorled with five-ranked, setaceous, subacute,
straight or incurved, elongate ramenta. :

C. Harveyi; swreulo crasso glabro nitente ; fronde longe stipitata subsimplici v.
alterne vage ramosa ; rachide ramisque densissime ramentis setaceis elongatis
simplicibus strictis incurvisque pentastichis (raro tetrastichis) onustis.

CauLERPA Harveyi, F. Muell.-in Herb. Vict. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n.
554.

Cau LerPa filifolia, Harv. (olim) in Herb.

CauLerpa Brownii, Sond. Linn. v. 25. p. 660 (non Hook. et Harv. Fl. N.
Zeal. p. 260. ¢. CXXT. A).

Var. 8. crispata; of smaller size, and usually pale yellow-green colour; ra-
menta strongly incurved and frequently curled, less obviously five-ranked.
Var. B. crispata; minor, luteo-virescens ; ramentis incurvis crispatisve, sepe
vie et ne vix pentastichis.
Has. Guichen and Rivoli Bays, Dr. Mueller. Port Fairy, and at the
Heads of Port Phillip, VW. H. H. Var. 8. In rockpools between tide-
marks, Port Phillip Heads, and Western Port.

Grocer. Distr. South coast of Australia.

Duscr. Surculus several inches long, 1-2 lines in diameter, branched, quite gla-
brous and glossy, with stout and strong rooting processes. Stipes 2-3
inches high, glabrous and glossy, then passing into the leafy portion of
the stem. Stem 1-2 feet long, simple, or furnished with few or several,

irregularly inserted, virgate, lateral branches; the stem, above the stipes,
and branches from their base, densely beset with closely seriated whorls of
ramenta. Ramenta }-1 inch long, as thick as hog’s-bristle, quite simple,
cylindrical, subacute, set in five, rarely in four, equidistant ranks, which
stand apart, separated by angular interspaces. Usually the ramenta are
quite straight and erecto-patent, but in var. 8 they are incurved, and fre-
quently curled and entangled, and the regularly pentastichous arrangement
thus becomes somewhat obscured. The colour in a is a full deep-green,
orange at the tips, and somewhat golden on the surculus and stipes; in B
it is usually a pale yellow-green in all parts. 'The substance is not very soft,
and in drying the frond imperfectly adheres to paper.

—_—_ Pee

This is perhaps the finest of the Australian Caulerpe. Our
figure represents one of the smaller specimens. The branches
are frequently numerous, and the rachis proportionally length- .
ened. ‘The elegantly five-, rarely four-ranked, slender ramenta
clearly mark the species. ‘The only puzzling forms that occur
are indicated under our var. 8, and their characters seem to arise
from the plant being grown in shallow and sunny pools. Ex-
treme forms look as if they belonged to a different species, but I
have intermediate states connecting the smallest and most curly
with the typical state here figured. Dried specimens give no
correct idea of this beautiful plant, owing to the disappearance
of the peculiar five-ranked arrangement.

Fig. 1. Cauterpa Harveyi. 2. A cross section, showing a five-ranked whorl,
—both of the natural size. 3. A ramentum,—magnijied.

Plate XCVL.

Vancent Brooks, ieyp

Ser. RuoposPERMEa. Fam. Rhodymeniacee.

Pratt XCVI.

POLYSIPHONIA FORFEX, Harv.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, partially or generally articulate ; the joints lon-
gitudinally striate, composed of numerous cylindrial cells surrounding
a central cell (sometimes coated with one or several rows of smaller
cells). Fructification: 1, ovate or urceolate ceramidia, containing
a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, ¢e¢raspores, immersed in swollen
branches.—PotystrHonta (Grev.), from modus, many, and chav,
a tube.

Frons filiformis, plus minus articulata ; articulis longitudinaliter pluristriatis,
ex cellulis 4-20 cylindraceis cellulam centralem cingentibus formatis (nunc
cellulis minoribus pluriseriatis corticatis). Fruct.: 1, ceramidia; 2, tetra-
spore in ramulis ultimis uniseriate.

PotysteHonta Forfex ; pale brownish-red, drying to dark red-brown;
fronds subsolitary, 2-3 inches long, setaceous, cartilagineous, pellu-
cidly articulate, repeatedly dichotomous ; ultimate ramuli twice or
thrice forked, the tips incurved, acute, forcipate ; articulations 6-tubed,
shorter than their diameter ; ceramidia broadly ovate, subsessile.

P. Forfex ; pallide rufescens, siccitate fusco-rubra ; frondibus subsolitariis 2-3-
uncialibus crassis cartilayineis pellucide articulatis repetite dichotomis v.
abortu scorpioideo-secundis ; ramulis ultimis bis terve furcatis apice acutis for-
cipatis ! articulis 6-siphoniis diametro brevioribus ; ceramidiis lato-ovatis sub-
sessilibus.

PotysrpHontia forcipata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. n. 22. p. 541 (non
Kiitz.) ; Alg. Austr. Eusic. n. 171.

Has. On Zostera and the smaller Alge. Rottnest Island and King
George’s Sound, W. H. H., Garden Island, Fremantle, G. Clifton.

Grocer. Distr. Western Australia. Tanega Island, Eastern Archipelago,
C. Wright !

Descr. Root a small dise. Fronds erect, solitary or two or three together, but
not densely tufted, 2-3 inches long, as thick as hog’s-bristle, repeatedly
and more or less regularly dichotomous. Old specimens are more irregular
and more densely branched than our figure represents; in them the lateral
branches and their divisions alone retain the dichotomous character.
The smaller branchlets are most regularly forked, and the tips of the ra-
muli, which are acute, approach each other in pairs, like the arms of
scissors. The frond is pellucidly articulate throughout, the joints being
much shorter than their breadth in all parts of the frond. The siphons
are six, the central cell very small, and the lateral view of each siphon

quadrate. The ceramidia are sessile or nearly so, borne laterally on the
branches, at some distance below the last ramifications, and are very broadly
ovate, somewhat broader than long: their surface is laxly areolate. The
colour when growing is a pale reddish-grey, more or less tinted with red ;
when dry it is either red-brown or very dark and blackish. The sudstance
is firm, cartilaginous when recent; and in drying the plant shrinks, and
adheres, but not very strongly, to paper.

eee

A well-marked and pretty little species, of the same section
as P. cancellata. The ramification here is almost as regularly
dichotomous as in the genus Ceramium, and the tips of the ra-
muli are hooked inwards, a very unusual character in the present
genus. I had formerly given it the name forcipata, having
overlooked a species so named by Kiitzing. The name now given
is equally appropriate.

Fig. 1. PoLysIpHoNIA FORFEX,—the natural size. 2. Apex of a ramulus.
3. Transverse cutting of the same. 4. A ceramidium, im situ. 5. Spores
from the same :—the latter figures magnified.

Vincent Brooks, Imp. |

Ser. RHoposPERMEA. Fam. Cryptonemiacea.

Prats XCVII.
CALLOPHYLLIS CORONATA, dav.

Gun. Cuar. Lrond carnoso-membranaceous, flat, dichotomous, formed of
two strata of cells; the medullary stratum of large, roundish cells,
separated by a network of anastomosing cellules; the cortical of
vertical, moniliform filaments. ructification: 1, half-immersed or
superficial, frequently marginal conceptacles, containing within a
thick, closed pericarp, a compound nucleus, consisting of several
nucleoli or masses of spores; 2, cruciate tetraspores, dispersed
through the cortical layer.—CatLopuytiis (Kvtz.), from Kados,
beautiful, and duddXov, a leaf.

Frons carnoso-membranacea, plana, dichotoma, stratis duobus contexta ; strato
medullari cellulis magnis rotundatis reticulo cellularum anastomosantium
cinetts, corticali filis verticalibus moniliformibus constante. Fruct.: 1, cysto-
carpia semi-immersa v. superficialia, sepius marginalia, intra pericarpium
erassum clausumque nucleolos sporarum plures foventia ; 2, tetraspore sparse,
cruciatim divise.

CALLOPHYLLIs coronata ; frond thickish, irregularly dichotomous, with nar-
row axils ; segments linear-cuneate, very long, repeatedly forked, the
apices narrow, not fastigiate; conceptacles very numerous, marginal
and discal, prominent, crowned with 3-4 blunt, short horns.

C. coronata ; fronde carnosa crassiuscula vage dichotoma, asxillis angustis,
laciniis lineari-cuneatis longissimis pluries furcatis, apicibus angustatis non
fastigiatis ; cystocarpiis numerosissimis marginalibus et in disco sessilibus
truncatis cornibus 3-4 obtusis coronatis.

CALLOPHYLLIS coronata, Harv. Aly. Exsic. Austr. n. 406.

ian. At Port Phillip Heads, rare, W. H. H.
Groer. Distr. As above.

Descr. foot a flat, fleshy disc. Fronds one or several from the same base, two
feet or more in length, very much divided, none of the lacinize more than
an inch wide, and the majority of less breadth. The branching is irregularly
dichotomous, the principal segments frequently emitting marginal, forked
or irregularly digitate secondary segments. All the divisions and sub-
divisions are cuneate at base, but nearly linear for the greater part of their
length; the apical lobes are narrow, not remarkably obtuse, and sometimes
subacute, irregular in length, and never fastigiate. ‘The cystocarps are ex-
tremely abundant, closely set along the margin, and also sprinkled over
the surface of the principal segments; they are truncate cones, nearly half a
line in height, with a depression or umbilicus at top, surrounded by usually

four, short, blunt, spreading horns: The colour is a full, but not a bright
red, becoming paler and duller in drying. The substance is thick, between
fleshy and cartilaginous, soft, elastic, and shrinking in dryig. When dry
this plant adheres strongly to paper.

eee

A fine species, readily known from all others of the genus
Callophyilis by the form and appendages of the conceptacles,
which resemble externally those of a Horea, but differ im in-
ternal structure and in the nature of the nucleus. The general
habit of the ramification is that of Callophyllis, and the struc-
ture of the frond agrees tolerably with that of typical species ;
but the peculiar intermediate network of slender filaments,
which ought to separate the large cells of the medullary layer,
is not well developed. I do not however know any established
genus to which the present plant is so nearly allied as to Cadlo-
phyllis, and do not consider the characters which separate it
from C. coccinea (the commonest Australian type) to be of ge-
neric moment.

It is among the rarer of Victorian Algze; and as yet I have
only seen the few specimens which I collected about Christmas,
1854.

Fig. 1. A branch of CALLOPHYLLIS CoRONATA,—+the natural size. 2. Section,
to show structure,—highly magnified. 3. Small portion of frond, with concep-
tacles i situ,—slightly enlarged. 4, Section through a conceptacle and the
frond,—maguified.

Ra ay aay
i f ny; a ea a

Plate ACVH.

“Vincent Brooxs.hmp

Ser. MELANOSPERMEA. Fam. Dictyotacee.

Puate XCVIII.
HYDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS, Bory.

Gen. Cuar. Frond membranaceous, bag-shaped, hollow, pierced with
roundish holes, which dilate more and more, until the plant becomes
a clathrate network. Margin of the apertures involute. ‘‘ Spores -
minute, globose, collected into dot-like, scattered, innate sor?, ac-
companied by club-shaped paranemata,”’ J/ont.— Hyprociaturus
(Bory), corruptly formed from, ddwp, water, and clathrus, a lattice.

Frons membranacea, saccata, cava, foraminibus pertusa, demum reticulato-cla-
thrata; margo foraminum involutus. Sort punctiformes, sparst.

Hyprociaturus cancellatus, Bory.

Hyprociaturvs cancellatus, Bory, Dict. Class. Hist. Nat. v. 8. p. 419.
Mont. Aly. Alger. p. 36; Canar. Crypt. p. 144; and Voy. Pol. Sud, p.
42. Duby, Bot. Gall. p. 960. Dene. Pl. Arab. p. 138. Harv. Ner. Bor.
Amer. part \. p. 120. t. 9 A (the young plant).

Haopictyon cancellatum, Kiitz. Phyc. Gen. p. 336.

Asprrococcus clathratus, J. dy. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 15.

Asprrococcts cancellatus, Endl. Sond. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 156.
Encoe.ivum clathratum, 4g. Sp. Aly. v. 1. p. 412. Kitz. Sp. Alg. p. 552.

Has. Common near Fremantle, Western Australia, Preiss, Backhouse,
W.H. H., G. Clifton, ete.

Grocer. Distr. Common throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of
both hemispheres. Red Sea. On the shores of Bretagne, Bory.

Descr. Fronds of very irregular form, oblong or sinuous, from 2-6 inches long
or more, heaped together in widely spreading patches, and adhering to
rocks by their lower surface, and to one another by their sides. The
young fronds, from a very early age, are pierced with round holes. At first
these holes are of small size, and often laterally compressed, but as the
membrane expands, the holes widen, and in the full-grown plant (repre-
sented in our Plate) the apertures frequently are one or more inches in dia-
meter and of irregular shape; new holes open in the interspaces, and the
frond is converted into a delicate, bag-shaped network. The margin of
each hole is strongly involute. The substance is thickish, crisp when quite
recent, and in that state very fragile; but on exposure to the air it soon
softens. The young fronds decompose rapidly in the air or in fresh-water,
but the full-grown are more tenacious, and the old become even rigid. The
colour when young is a very pale yellowish-olive ; afterwards it grows darker,
and in age is a rusty-brown. In drying it rarely (except when young)
adheres to paper. I have not seen the fructification:

This curious plant is generally distributed along the shores
of most of the warmer seas, growing in rather shallow water,
on rocks or beds of coral, and often forming widely extended
groups of fronds. It assumes several forms; being sometimes
very lace-like and delicate, of a pale colour, and very flaccid
substance; and sometimes coarse in substance, less open, and
not adhering to paper. In Ner. Bor. Amer., I have figured the
young plant, such as it occurs on the coasts of Florida; and
our present figure represents the mature frond, as seen in the
best-grown Australian individuals. Other specimens from the
Friendly Islands are much more slender and more full of small
holes; but I have found it impossible, with numerous indivi-
duals before me, from many distant parts of the world, to fix
limits to the varieties, much less to establish different species
among them.

A beautiful figure will be found in the great French work on

Heypt.

Fig. 1. A full-grown frond of HyDROCLATHRUS CANCELLATUS,—the natural
size.

Se :
age
aos

Vincent Brooks, Imp.

Ser. RHODOSPERMEZ. Fam. Gelidiacee.

Puate XCIX.
ACROTYLUS AUSTRALIS, 7. %.

Gen. Cuar. Frond compressed, linear, dichotomous, composed of three
strata of cells; the medullary of branching, reticulately anastomo-
sing, slender filaments; the ewtermediate of roundish-angular cells ;
the cortical of vertically seriated, coloured cellules. Fructification :
1, conceptacles semi-immersed in the frond, opening by a terminal
pore, containing numerous parietal tufts of moniliform spore-threads ;
2, zonate tetraspores, in spot-like, defined sorz, under the apices of
the segments.—Acrorytus (J. Ag.), from axpos, topmost, and tuXos,
a tumour or callus; alluding to the apical sori.

Frons compressa, linearis, dichotoma, stratis fere tribus contexta; strato medul-
lari ex filis elongatis ramosis intertextis anastomosantibusque, intermedio
cellulis rotundato-angulatis, corticali cellulis minutis in fila moniliformia
verticalia subramosa ordinatis formato. Fruct.: 1, desmiocarpia frondi semi-
immersa, carpostomio demum aperta, fasciculos parietales plures filorum spori-

Serorum foventia ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in soros definitos infra apices
seymentorum evolutos nidulantes.

Acrotyuus australis, J. Ag.

Acrotytus australis, J. 4g. Act. Holm. Oefvers. 1849, p. 87. Harv. Alg.
Austr. Hxsie. n. 330. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 317.

Has. At Sydney, New South Wales, Baron Gyllenstierna, fide J. Ag.
Mouth of the Glenelg River, South Australia, Dr. Curdie. Abun-
dant at Port Fairy, W. H. H.; also at Western Port, Victoria,
W.H.H. Tasmania, C, Stuart.

GroGcR. Distr. Southern and eastern shores of Australia. Tasmania.

Descr. Root discoid. Fronds tufted, 3-6-8 inches long, and as much in the
expansion of the branches, compressed, everywhere preserving a nearly
uniform breadth of 1-14 lines, either stipitate or branched from the base,
many times dichotomous, with wide, rounded axils, fastigiate; the apices
either rounded or obsoletely bidentate or emarginate. The forking is tolerably
regular. The margin of the segments is either simple or furnished with
lateral, proliferous, simple or forked lobules, from 4-1 inch long, spread-
ing horizontally. All the ramification is strictly distichous. The concepta-
cles are scattered along the branches; they are slightly raised towards one
side, depressed in the centre, and finally pierced in the depressions; the
cavity is spheroidal, and the walls are densely set with tufts of branching,
moniliform spore-threads, which are afterwards resolved into spores. Tetra-
spores are borne in oval or subrotund, defined, slightly raised and wart-like
sort (scarcely so prominent as to be called nemathecia), and are 3-4 times

larger than broad, and zonate. The colowr is a dark brownish-red, becoming
much darker and even blackish in drying, The substance is tough, leathery
when dry, and the plant does not adhere to paper in drying.

DP ews

If I am correct in referring the plant here figured to the
Acrotylus australis, J. Ag., of which I have seen no authentic
specimens, and the cystocarpic fruit of which was not known
to Prof. Agardh when he founded his genus Acrotylus, then
the genus must be placed in Gelidiacee (tribe Chetangiee),
instead of among the Cryptonemiacee, where Agardh puts it ;
and also, the two species of the subgenus Prismatoma must be
separated. This separation will reduce Acrotylus to the single
species now described; and this has so much of the external
aspect of a Chetangium, of the section Wothogenia, that the pro-
priety of keeping it separate may be questioned. The characters
by which Acrotylus differs from Chetangium are found in the
more or less developed “ ixtermediate stratum” of roundish an-
gular cells (gonidia), and in the tetrasporic sori of the present
genus. In Chetangium the tetraspores are dispersed, and. the
frond composed wholly of filaments.

My first specimens of Acrotylus australis were given me by
Dr. Curdie, of Geelong, and not then recognizing them as the
plant previously described by Agardh, I named them “ Curdiea”’
in his collection. I have since selected another Curdiea (Plate
XXXIX.) which I hope may prove a more permanent memento.

Fig. 1. AcrotyLus austraLis,—the natural size. 2. Portion of a branch,
with conceptacles,—slightly magnified. 3. Section through the frond and a
conceptacle. 4. Section through a sorus; and 5, a ¢etraspore :—variously

magnified.

ie ro My ra os

- me

Ser. RuoposPERMEA. Fam. Rhodomelacea.

Puate C.
CLIFTONIA PECTINATA, Zar.

Gen. Cuar. Frond stipitate, formed of secundly proliferous, halved, pec-
tinate phyllodia. Phyllodia costate, with diverse sides; one side flat,
areolate, membranous, very entire; the other pectinato-partite, the
lacinie articulated, polysiphonous. rzetification unknown.—CLIr-
tonta (Harv.*), in honour of George Clifton, Esq., R. N., the inde-
fatigable and successful explorer of the Algee of Western Australia.

Frons stipitata, ex phyllodiis secunde proliferis hemiphyllis hine pectinatis evoluta.
Phyllodia costata, lateribus diversis ; uno latere plano areolato membranaceo
integerrimo, altero pectinato-partito, laciniis articulatis pleiosiphonis. Fructus
ignotus.

Currtonia pectinata ; phyllodia pectinate, their laciniz filiform-subulate,
acute, many times longer than the breadth of the narrow-linear
lamina.

C. pectinata; phyllodiis pectinatis, lacinus filiformi-subulatis acutis lamine an-
gustissime latitudine multoties longioribus.

Has. At Garden Island, Western Australia, August, 1858, very rare,
G. Clifton, Esq.
Groer. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root discoid. Stem coriaceo-cartilaginous, terete, rigid, one or two
inches long, branched, the branches ending in phyllodia. Phyllodia 2-3
inches long, comb-shaped, having a cylindrical, densely cellular, opaque costa,
faleate, incurved ; the external or convex side of the costa winged with
a very narrow, linear lamina, scarcely more than } line in width, com-
posed of oblong, hexagonal cellules, set in horizontal rows; all of equal
length, and 2—3 times as long as broad ; the internal or concave side closely
pectinated with a double row of slender, subulate ramelli. These ramelli
are four-tubed (of the structure of a Polysiphonia), articulated, the arti-
culations as long as broad; they are nearly ¢ inch long, and of the thick-
ness of horse-hair. Young phyllodia are given off proliferously from the
costa of the older, and are always directed toward the side on which the
lamina is developed. The colowr is a deep crimson-lake. The substance is
membranous, and not very soft, and in drying the plant adheres but imper-
fectly to paper. No fructification has, as yet, been observed.

-~

ARARARR RAR AAR AOR

In the remarks under Hncyothala, in our January number, |

* Cliftonia, Banks, is the same as the earlier and now generally adopted My-
locarium, Willd.

alluded to another new genus sent to me by Mr. Clifton; and
though the specimens yet received are so far imperfect that they are
not in fruit, I do not wish to delay the publication of so beautiful
and remarkable a type of structure ; and the more especially be-
cause it is, I trust, destined to bear the name of its energetic and
obliging discoverer, to whose zeal and liberality I am indebted
for several of the most curious Algz already figured in this
work, and for others which will appear in future numbers.

Cliftonia, as now proposed, will include, besides our C. pecti-
nata, the old “ Amansia semipinnata” of Lamouroux, which may
be called Cliftonia Lamourouan. It differs from our present
plant in the proportions between the breadth of the lamina bor-
dering the outer edge of the costa, and the pectinations which
issue from the opposite edge. It is of extreme rarity: and as
yet I have only seen a fragment, sent by Lamouroux to the late
Mr. Dawson Turner, and now preserved in the ‘ Hookerian Her-
barium.’ This fragment well agrees with the figure given by La-
mouroux, through which it is chiefly known to botanists.

Cliftonia may be regarded as holding a middle station be-
tween Amansia and Claudea; agreemg with the former in
the cellular structure, and with the latter in the evolution of
the frond. The fructification, it may be anticipated, will pro-
bably afford some strengthening characters further to mark the
genus. If one may hazard a conjecture, I should guess that the
ceramidia, as in Claudea, will be formed from contracted phyl-
lodia ; and the ¢efraspores lodged in a single row, in the ramelli.
I trust Mr. Clifton’s future explorations of Garden Island may
satisfactorily solve this problem.

Fig. 1. CLiIrronia PECTINATA,—the natural size. 2. Fragment of a phyllo-
dium, with a young one starting from its midrib. 3. Some of the cellular
tissue from the lamina. 4. Frustule of one of the pectinate ramelli:—
the latter figures variously magnified.

Plate

CL

Ser. CHLOROSPERMB&. Fam. Confervacee.

Puatre Cl.

CLADOPHORA? ANASTOMOSANS, JZarv.

Gen. Cuar. Filaments tufted, articulated, uniform, branched. Articula-
tions filled with green, granular endochrome, which is changed at
maturity into zoospores.—CriapopHora (Kiitz.), from «dados, a
branch, and gopew, to bear.

Fila cespitosa, articulata, ramosa. Articuli endochromate viridi grumoso, de-
mum in zoosporos mutato, repleti.

CLapoPHora? anustomosans ; bright-green, rather rigid, rising from matted,
irregularly branched filaments; upright filaments (fronds) stipitate,
uncial or biuncial, distichously bi-tripimnate ; pinne and pinnules op-
posite, horizontally patent, the ultimate pinnules here and there ana-
stomosing ; articulations of the rachis and primary pinnee cylindrical,
many times longer than broad, of the ramuli 2-3 times as long as
broad, constricted at the nodes.

C.? anastomosans ; letevirens, rigidiuscula, ex filis intricatis vage ramosis ra-
dicalibus enata ; filis erectis (v. frondibus) stipitatis uncialibus v. biuncialibus
distiche pluries pinnatis ; pinnis pinnulisque oppositis horizontaliter patentibus,
ultimis hic illic anastomosantibus ; articulis ramorum majorum cylindricis
longissimis, ramulorum diametro 2—3-plo longioribus ad genicula constrictis.

C. aNaSTOMOSANS, Harv. in Trans. R. I, Acad. v. 22. p. 565; Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 582.

Has. Cast ashore at Fremantle, rare, WV. H. /7.
Groar. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Originating in a mat of intricately tangled, irregularly branched, de-
cumbent, confervoid filaments. Fronds or upright filaments tufted, 1-2
inches long, the basal articulations or stipes 4-i inch long, regularly pin-
nated in several series, the whole having an ovate or ovate-oblong outline.
The pinne and pinnule are perfectly distichous, and spread nearly at right-
angles from their respective rachides ; the pine are subdistant, the pinnule
closely set. All thé divisions are strictly opposite, except by the occa-
sional suppression or malformation of a ramulus. The ramuli move or
less anastomose at their tips, and thus the older frond assumes partially the
character of a Microdictyon. The basal articulations of each pinna, and
the lower ones of the main rachis, are of great length; the upper become
gradually shorter, and those of the pinnules are quite short. The colour
is a vivid yellowish-green. The sudstance when recent is rigid, and the
frond does not closely adhere to paper in drying.

RRP PP PRAIA PP

I have had some hesitation in referrmg the curious species
here figured to Cladophora, on account of the decided tendency
to anastomosis among the ramuli, a tendency that increases with
the age of the plant, and in full-grown specimens (if ours be, as
I suspect, immature) would probably be more strongly indicated.
The anastomosing ramuli show an affinity with A/icrodictyon,
and consequently with the Valoniacee ; but the character is not
so decided as in Microdictyon, and the nature and ramification of
the filaments are very similar in this plant to what they are in
Cladophora composita, and several other undoubted species of
that genus. On the whole, therefore, I prefer leaving C. anasto-
mosans in Cladophora until some better place be found for it.

It is a deep-water plant, and as yet very rare. ‘The only spe-
cimens seen were picked up after a gale, on the shore, near Swan
River. It has not yet been sent by Mr. Clifton; another proof
of its rarity.

Fig. 1. CLADoPHORA ANOSTOMOSANS,—the natural size. 2. A young frond,—
magnified.

Plate Of.

“r

‘Vszeent Bxooks, lng

Ser. RHoposPpERME. Fam. Rhodomelacee.

Prate CII.

CHONDRIA VERTICILLATA, Harv.

Gen. Cuar. Frond filiform, cartilaginous, dendroid, opaque, coated with
small, polygonal, irregularly placed cells. Avis articulated, polysi-
phonous. Ramuli claveeform, much constricted at their insertion.
Fructification: 1, ovate ceramidia ; 2, tripartite tetraspores, formed
irregularly, in the clavate ramuliimCuonpria (4y.), yovdpos, car-
tilage.

Frons filiformis, cartilaginea, dendroidea, opaca, cellulis irregularibus polygonis
corticata. Axis articulatus, polysiphonus. Ramuli clavati, bast constricti.

Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ovata; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, in ramulis im-
merse, sparse v. wregulariter aggregate.

Cuonpria verticillata ; dark brownish-purple; frond succulent, terete,
twice or thrice umbellately decompound ; the branches virgate,
whorled at short intervals with linear- oblong, very obtuse, fascicu-
late, juicy ramuli; conceptacles ovate, sessile ; the tetraspores scat-
tered.

Ch. verticillata; dadia v. fusco-purpurea ; fronde tereti succosa bis terve um-
bellatim composita ; ramis virgatis ; ramulis creberrimis fasciculato-verticil-
latis lineari-oblongis obtusis succo repletis basi maxime constrictis ; ceramidits
ovatis sessilibus ; tetrasporis sparsis.

Cuonpria verticillata, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 539; Alg.
Austr. Exsic. n. 162.

Has. Rottnest Island, VW. H. H. Garden Island, G. Clifton. George-
town, Tasmania, Rev. I. Fereday. Port Fairy, Victoria, WV”. H. H.

Groar. Distr. Western and southern coasts of Australia. Tasmania.

Descr. Root small, discoid. Stems densely tufted, 3-5 inches long, nearly a
line in diameter, simple or umbellately compounded, each partial umbel of
4—5 or more rays, round whose bases a whorl of fascicled ramuli are fre-
quently developed. The secondary branches, or rays of the umbel, are
long and virgate, simple, or umbellately compounded, and are either
whorled at short intervals with simple, club-shaped or linear-oblong ramuli,
or are closely beset throughout with such ramuli. In the latter case the
whorls are very irregular, or the ramuli are emitted from all sides without
obvious order. LRamuli 3-3 inch long, nearly 1 line in diameter, strongly
constricted at base, very “ obtuse, patent. Ceramidia ovate, sessile on the
ramuli. Zetraspores either scattered or brought together in an irregular
sorus near the middle of the ramulus. Colour a dull purplish- -brown, be-
coming darker in drying; rarely a more vivid purple. Sudstance succulent

tenacious, not soon decomposing, becoming soft on exposure. The plant

adheres very firmly to paper in drying, and when dry has a glossy surface.

The genus Chondria, as revised by Prof. J. Agardh (see
Harv. Ner. Bor. Amer. part 2. p. 19), now includes a consi-
derable number of species, several of which are natives of Aus-
tralia, including the type of the genus, Ch. dasyphylla (Fucus
dasyphyllus, Turn.). It was formerly included in Lawrencia, to
which, externally, the Chondrie have considerable resemblance,
but the structure of the axis is decidedly different, and there
are other differences which warrant the removal of Chondria to
the Rhodomelacea.

Our Chondria verticillata, though allied to several, is well
characterized by its partly umbellate, partly whorled ramifica-
tion, the softness and yet tenacity of its substance, and the dull
or dark colour. It is perhaps nearest to C. wmbellula, but is a
very much larger, more robust, and more branching plant. It
is less brightly coloured than C. clavata, differently branched,
and of softer substance, and does not shed its ramuli in fresh-
water. Though found in several distant localities, it appears to
be among the rarer kinds.

Fig. 1. CHONDRIA VERTICILLATA,—the natural size. 2. A ceramidium.
3. Spores from the same. 4. Two ramuli, with tetraspores. 5. A tetra-
spore :—the latter figures magnified.

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Anecent Brooks, law

Ser. RuoposPeRMEs. Fam. Cryptonemiacee.

Puate CIII.

HALYMENIA? CLIFTON], Harv.

Gen. Cuar. Frond terete, compressed or flat, gelatinoso-membranaceous,
dichotomous or pinnatifid, composed of two strata; the medullary
stratum formed of a few, laxly interlaced, branching filaments, lying
in gelatine; the cortical membranous, formed of minute, coloured
cellules. Fructification: 1, favelde immersed in the frond, sus-
pended under the peripheric stratum ; 2, cruciate ¢e¢raspores, scattered
through the surface-cellules—Hatymunta (4y.), from dds, the sea,
and uunv, a membrane.

Frons teres, compressa v. plana, gelatinoso-membranacea, dichotoma v. vage
pinnatifida, stratis duobus composita ; strato medullari ex filis paucis laxe in-
tricatis ramosis succo gelatinoso immersis, peripherico membranaceo cellulis

minutis coloratis formato. Kruct.: 1, favelle frondi immerse, infra stratum
periphericum suspense ; 2, tetraspore sparse, cruciatim divise.

Hatymenta Cliftoni; frond flat, delicately gelatinoso-membranaceous,
rose-red, expanded and leaf-like, of no definite shape, variously lobed
and sinuate; the margin undulate; segments subacute; favellz dis-
persed.

H. Cliftoni; fronde plana tenuiter gelatinoso-membranacea rosea latissima foli-
acea varie lobata et sinuata; margine undulato nune minute glandulifero ;
favellis per totam frondem sparsis.

HatymMenia Kallymenioides, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 556. n.
257.

Has. Cast ashore at Fremantle, rare, W.H.H. Garden Island, G.
Clifton.

Grocer. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root a small dise. Frond sessile, cuneate at base, quickly expanding
into a leaf-like lamina, 6-8 inches in length, and 4—5 in breadth. This
lamina is} of no definite shape; sometimes it is nearly or quite simple,
sometimes cut round the edges into numerous shallow lobes, and some-
times deeply parted into many oblong segments. The margin is either
flattish or undulated, and either quite entire or minutely set with glandu-
lar projections ; these are scarcely visible without a lens. The favelle are
minute, dispersed over the whole surface, and very numerous on the fertile
frond. The peripheric stratum differs in thickness in different individuals,
being sometimes composed of one or two, sometimes of three or four rows
of cellules; a corresponding variation occurs in the medullary filaments.
The colour is a delicate but brilliant rose-red, fading to yellowish or

greenish. The sudstance is very soft and thin; and in drying the plant
adheres very firml to paper.

Since the publication of the memoir on Western Australian
Algze, quoted above, I have received much more perfect speci-
mens of this beautiful species from my often-mentioned corre-
spondent, Mr. Clifton, and I am therefore mduced to alter the
trivial name formerly given, and which was suggested by the
imperfect specimens first seen.

The habit and substance of the frond are those of the mem-
branous Halymenie@ ; and the fructification (unfortunately omitted
in our Plate) is not dissimilar. But the cellular structure of
the membrane is a little different from its typical condition in
Halymenia, not sufficiently so however to warrant a removal
from that natural and somewhat diversified group of Algee.

Halymenia Floresia, of very large size, has been found by Mr.
Clifton near Fremantle. The specimens collected there by me
were poor and few. ‘Those sent by Mr. Clifton are among the
most luxuriant examples I have seen of this widely distributed
and beautiful plant.

Fig. 1. Hatymenra Ciirroni,—the natural size. 2. Thin slice, to show
internal structure,—magnijied.

Biil',

Plate

Vincent Brooks, Emp.

Ser. MrLANOSPERMES. Fam. Sporochnoidee.

Prats CIV.
SPOROCHNUS COMOSUS, 4.

Gun. Cuar. Frond filiform, solid, pinnately decompound. Receptacles
pod-shaped, pedicellate (rarely sessile), crowned with a tuft of soft
hairs, and densely covered with whorled, branching, sporiferous fila-
ments. Spores obovoid, attached to the sides of the filaments.—
Sporocunus (Ay.), from ozopos, a seed, and yvoos, wool, because
tufts of soft hairs crown the fructification.

Frons filiformis, solida, pinnatim ramosa, Receptacula siliqueformia, pedi-
cellata (rarissime sessilia), apice comosa, paranematibus ramosis horizontali-
bus verticillatis densissime vestita. Spore obovoidee, ad paranemata laterales.

Srorocunus comosus; frond robust or slender, repeatedly decompound,
the branches and their divisions filiform, erecto-patent; receptacles
clavato-cylindrical, twice as long as the pedicels.

S. comosus ; fronde crassiuscula v. tenui repetite decomposita ; ramis primariis
secundariisque filiformibus erecto-patentibus ; receptaculis clavato-cylindraceis
pedicello brevi subduplo triplove longioribus.

Sporocunus comosus, 4g. Syst. Alg. p. 259. J. Ag. Sp. Alg.v. 1. p. 174.
Kiitz. Sp. Alg. p. 569. Harv. Alg. Eusic. Austr. n.50; Trans. R. I. Acad.
v. 22. p. 584; Fl. Tasm. v. 2. p. 287.

Has. New Holland, Mus. Paris., fide Agardh. Fremantle and King
George’s Sound, West Australia. At Port Phillip Heads, Victoria ;
and at Georgetown, Tasmania, abundantly, W. H. H., ete.

Grocer. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia. Tasmania.

Descr. Root an expanded disc, covered with woolly hairs. Frond one to three
feet long or more, as thick as packthread at base, attenuated upwards,
setaceous near the extremity ; the lesser branches and ramuli almost capil-
lary. Stem sub-simple, densely set with long, lateral branches, which are
long and simple, but furnished, especially in their upper half, with secondary,
similar, but smaller branches. In large specimens the subdivision is carried
to a greater extent. In all cases the branches taper much toward the ex-
tremity, and are terminated by a small tuft of soft hairs, about two lines in
diameter. Receptacles thickly set along the branches, spreading toward all
sides, cylindrical or slightly clavate, very obtuse, scarcely tapering at base,
or abrupt; twice or thrice as long as the pedicel, or 1-1} times, or 5-6
times as long; varying greatly in different specimens. Colour when grow-
ing olivaceous, changing to greenish in the air and in fresh-water. Sud-
stance rather rigid in the stem; softer in the branches. The frond adheres
pretty closely to paper in drying.

I here figure the commonest and therefore the most charac-
teristic of the Australian species of Sporochnus, and also the
most variable. When growing in shallow water, as I have seen
it in King George’s Sound, the substance is more rigid, the
diameter of stem and branches greater, and the ramification very
dense and stunted. In close proximity, but in deeper water,
the frond is slender, soft, and flaccid, and the branches drawn
out into long threads, two feet or more in length, and very
sparingly ramulose. Again, in the Tamar, Tasmania, the frond
attains still larger dimensions, and the branches are more at-
tenuated. Among hundreds of specimens examined, there is a
complete gradation in these respects. ‘The form of the recepta-
cle and its proportion to the pedicel are also very variable in
this species. Our figure represents the average proportions
and shape; but im some of the attenuated, deep-water speci-
mens, the length of receptacle is doubled ; im others it varies on
the same frond.

Search should be made by 'lasmanian collectors for the Sp.
Herculeus, J. Ag., formerly found by Mr. Gunn, at Georgetown,
and known by the very great length of its receptacles,—“ si or
eight lines, or nearly an inch long, nearly entirely cylindrical, and
as thick as sparrow’s-quill.” (See J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 175.)

Fig. 1. Sporocunus comosus,—the natural size. 2. Fragment, with the
receptacles, in situ,—magnified. 3. Some of the sporiferous filaments of the re-
ceptacle,—highly magnified.

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Ser. KuoposPERMEZ. Fam. Wrangeliacee.

Pirate CV.
WRANGELIA NITELLA, Zar.

Gey. Cuan. Frond filiform, decompound, articulated, one-tubed ; the znter-
nodes naked or coated with minute cellules; the nodes clothed with
opposite or whorled articulated ramelli. Fructification : 1, cystocarps
terminating short branches,’ involucrated by the uppermost whorled
ramelli, and consisting of tufts of pear-shaped pedicellate syores and
slender paranemata; 2, naked, triangularly parted ¢etraspores, borne
on the sides of the whorled ramelli—WranGetia (4g.), in honour
of Baron Wrangel, a Swedish naturalist.

Frons filiformis, decomposita, articulata, monosiphonia, nuda v. cellulis corticata,
verticillis ramellorum ad genicula onusta. Fruct.: 1, eystocarpia ramos
terminantia, ramellis supremis involucrata, fasciculis numerosis sporarum
pyriformium pedicellatarum et paranematibus tenuibus constantia ; 2, tetra-
spore nude, triangule divise, ad ramellos sessiles.

Wraneeia xitella; frond membranaceous, flaccid, pellucidly jointed
throughout (the joints 4-6 times as long as broad), decompound-
pinnate ; branches and branchlets mostly opposite, distichous, with
whorled ramelli at the nodes; ramelli di-trichotomously multifid, the
divisions patent, very acute ; tetraspores globose, sessile on the ra-
melli.

W. nitella ; fronde membranacea flaccida e basi articulata (articulis diametro
4—6-plo longioribus) ecorticata decomposite pinnata ; ramisramulisque sepius
oppositis distichis ad genicula verticillatim ramellosis ; ramellis di-trichotome
multifidis, divisuris patentibus acutissimis ; tetrasporis globosis ad ramellos
sessilibus ; cystocarpiis ignotis.

WRANGELIA nitella, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 546; Harv. Alg.
Austr. Exsic. n. 258.

Has. Rottnest Island, W.H.H. Garden Island, G. Clifton.

Grocer. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root fibrous, creeping. Fronds 2-4 inches long, capillary or subseta-
ceous, pinnately or bipinnately compounded, articulated throughout, with
pellucid dissepiments and internodes. Pinne and pinnules opposite, or by
abortion alternate, frequently alternately unequal, subhorizontally patent,
long and short intermixed: these articulations 4—6 times as long as broad,
or longer. At each node is a whorl of minute, very much branched ramelli,
4-4 line long, dichotomous, with wide axils; their articulations one and
a half to twice as long as broad, the terminal cell sharply subulate. Tetra-
spores spherical, frequently opposite, sessile on the sides of the ramelli. Colour

a clear, deep crimson-lake, well preserved in drying. Swdstance membra-
naceous, but soon softening in fresh-water. The plant closely adheres to
paper in drying.

A pretty little species of Wrangelia, with the aspect of a small
specimen of the European I”. multifida, but differmg from that
species in several essential characters : particularly in the sharp-
pointed or mucronate ramuli. By this latter character it agrees
with W. myriophylloides, and W. mucronata, but differs by se-
veral others; nor is it likely to be confounded with any other
Australian species. WV. crassa and its allies, which externally
somewhat resemble it, have very obtuse ramelli.

Fig. 1. WRANGELIA NITELLA,—the natural size. 2. Frustule of a branch,
showing the main articulations and their whorled ramelli. 3. Part of a fertile
ramellus. 4. Parts of same :—the latter figures variously magnified.

Ser. RHoposPERMER. Fam. Spherococcoidea.

Puate CVI. °
CALLIBLEPHARIS PREISSIANA, ~%.

Guy. Cuar. Frond flat, cartilagineo-membranaceous, dichotomo-pinnate
and fimbriate, formed of two strata of cells; the medullary stratum
of roundish-angular, large cells, in several rows; the cortical of
minute coloured cellules. Fructification: 1, sessile conceptacles,
containing, within a thick pericarp, on a basal placenta, a tuft of
moniliform spore-threads ; 2, zonate ¢e¢raspores, dispersed among the
cortical cellules.—Catirpternaris (Kiéfz.), from Kanros, beautiful,
and Bredapis, literally the eyelashes (cilia), here meaning fringe-
hke marginal processes.

Frons plana, cartilagineo-membranacea, dichotomo-pinnata et margine ciliato-
Jimbriata, ex stratis duobus composita; strato medullari cellulis rotundato-
angulatis magnis pluriseriatis, corticali cellulis minutis coloratis formato.
Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia sessilia, intra pericarpium crassum ad placentam basa-
lem fasciculum filorum sporiferorum moniliformium foventia ; 2, tetraspore
sparse, zonatim divise, in cortice nidulantibus.

CALLIBLEPHARIS Prevsscuna ; frond stipitate, blood-red or purplish, rigidly
cartilaginous, dichotomous ; segments linear, narrow, closely pinnato-
fimbriate or ciliate ; pinnules (cilia) setaceous, simple or pinnulate, or
irregularly toothed ; fruit unknown.

C. Preissiana; fronde stipitata rubro-sanguinea v. purpurascente rigide cartila-
ginea dichotoma ; laciniis linearibus angustis ereberrime pinnato-fimbriatis
ciliatisve ; pinnulis (ciliis) vin ultrasetaceis simplicibus v. ramosis v. vage
inciso-dentatis ; coccidiis ignotis.

CALLIBLEPHARIS Preissiana, J. 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 622. Harv. Alg. Austr.
asic. n. 302.

CALLIBLEPHARIS pannosa, Harv. Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 550.

RaoporHyY.uls Preissiana, Kiitz. Sp. Aly. p. 186.

RuopyMENtA Preissiana, Sond. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 191.

Has. Swan River, Preiss, Mylne, Clifton, ete. King George’s Sound, at
Middleton Bay, W. H. H.

Goer. Distr. Western Australia.

Derscr. Root a minute dise. Fronds 3-10-12 inches high, and as much in the
expansion of the branches, dichotomous, very much divided, cut into seg-
ments with an average width of 1-3 lines. The primary division is irregu-
larly forking, the lower forks at wide, the upper at short intervals; the

secondary segments are very irregularly laciniated, and all are bordered
with setaceous, horizontal, simple or ramulose ciliary processes. The ends
of the branches are of unequal length; the axils are all wide and rounded,
and the whole frond has a ragged character. In some specimens the rami-
fication is excessively dense and bushy. No fruit has yet been observed.
The colour is either a dull red or a dull purple, darkening in the herbarium,
and fading through orange and yellow to a creamy white. ‘The substance is
hard and rigid, and the plant does not adhere to paper in drying.

To the genus Calliblepharis, founded on the Rhodymenia ecili-
ata of earlier authors, several exotic species have recently been
added, some of them, like the present, being thus referred pro-
visionally, because they agree in external habit, and do not mate-
rially differ in cellular structure. Until the fruit shall have been
ascertained, the exact relationship of the present plant, which is
common on the shores of Western Australia, cannot be deter-
mined. Its rigid substance, variable incision, and abundantly
fimbriate and ragged segments, induce us to place it im Calh-
blepharis, where it may stand next C. jubata.

A second species, C. conspersa, resembling C. ciliata mm gene-
ral aspect, occurs, but much more rarely, near Fremantle.

Fig. 1. CaLLIBLEPHARIS PreIss1aNa,—the natural size. 2. A thin slice,—
magnified.

Flate CVI

Ser. CHLOROSPERME. Fam. Siphonacee.

Piate CVII.
CAULERPA REMOTIFOLIA, Sond.

Gen. Cuar. Frond consisting of prostrate surculi, rooting from their
lower surface, and throwing up erect branches (or secondary fronds)
of various shapes. Swbstance horny-membranous, destitute of cal-
careous matter. Structure unicellular, the cell continuous, strength-
ened internally by a spongy network of anastomosing filaments, and
filled with semifluid, grumous matter. Sructification unknown.—
Cauterpa (Lamz.), from xavados, a stem, and épire, to creep.

Frons ex surculis prostratis hic illic radicantibus et rainis erectis polymorphis
formata. Substantia corneo-membranacea.. Structura unicellulosa, cellule

membrana continua hyalina intus filis cartilagineis tenuissimis anastomosanti-
bus firmata et endochromate denso viridi repleta. Fr. ignota.

CauLerpa remotifolia ; surculus very long and slender, glabrous; fronds
erect, simple, linear, two-edged, pectinato-pinnate ; pinnz distant,
alternate, subulate, acute.

C. remotifolia; swculo longissimo tenut glabro; frondibus erectis simplicibus
linearibus ancipitibus pectinato-pinnatis ; pinnis remotis alternis subulatis

acutis.
CAULERPA remotifolia, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 660.
Has. Lefébre’s Peninsula, Dr. Ferdinand Mueller, 1852.

Groer. Distr. South Australia.

Descr. Surculus several inches in length, as thick or twice as thick as hog’s-
bristle, quite glabrous, glossy, rooting at intervals of an inch or more; the
roots small. Fronds 3-6 inches long, $ line to 1 line in breadth, com-
pressed, two-edged, quite simple or occasionally bifid, naked for an inch
above the base, thence to the apex pectinated with distichous, alternate,
subulate pinne, 1-14 lines long, 4 line wide, 1-2 or 4-8 lines apart, erecto-
patent. Colour a full green, becoming olivaceous in drying. Substance
horny. In drying it very imperfectly adheres to paper.

RRR RAP

This slender species is considered by Sonder to be allied to
C. plumaris and C. taaifolia, from which it is at once known
by its very distant, scattered, and somewhat differently shaped
ramenta. ‘To me its nearest affinity appears to be with C. scal-

pelliformis, from which it chiefly differs in its attenuated fronds
and general depauperation of all characters. As yet no one
has gathered it except Dr. Ferdinand Mueller, to whom I am
indebted for the specimen here figured. So far as known, it
is one of the rarest and most local of the Australian species.

Fig. 1. CAULERPA REMOTIFOLIA,—the natural size.

2. Frustule, somewhat
enlarged.

‘
AT

Plate CVHE

Ser. RHoDOSPERME. Fam. Rhodomelee.

Puate CVIII.

AMANSIA LINEARIS, Za.

Gun. Cuar. Frond flat, midribbed, pinnatifid or proliferous, transversely
striate, membranaceous ; the membrane formed of hexagonal cells, of
equal length, arranged in obliquely transverse lines or striz, destitute
of cortical cellules. Fructification: 1, ovate or globose ceramidia,
containing a tuft of pear-shaped spores; 2, simple or branched, mar-
ginal or superficial s¢zchidia, containing ¢etraspores in a double row.
—Amansia (Lamour.), in honour of M. Amans, a French phycolo-
gist.

Frons plana, costata, pinnatifida v. prolifera, transversim striata, membranacea ;
lamina ex cellulis oblongis hexahedris equalibus oblique transversim ordinatis
conflata; cellulis corticalibus nullis. Fruct.: 1, ceramidia ; 2, stichidia mar-
ginalia v. superficialia, tetrasporas biseriatas foventia.

Amansta linearis ; frond narrow-linear, obtuse, quite simple, and very en-
tire, proliferous from the slender midrib, with leaflets of a similar
form; ceramidia sessile on the midrib of minute fruit-leaves; tetra-
spores uniseriate, at each side of the midrib of similar fruit-leaves.

A. linearis; fronde anguste lineari obtusa simplicissima integerrimaque e costa
tenui prolifera, foliolis frondi similibus ; ceramidis ovatis tetrasporisque in
sporophyllis propriis evolutis, ceramidiis in costa sessilibus, tetrasporis utroque
latere coste uniseriatis.

AmaNsia linearis, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 118.
Dertesserta Amansioides, Sond. in Linn. v. 25. p. 690 (? ?).

Has. Parasitical on the smaller Algz, especially on Balla callitricha.
Near the mouth of the Glenelg River, Dr. Curdie. Port Fairy,
W. iH. H.

Geroer. Distr. South coast of Australia.

Descr. Root a minute disc. Fronds 3-6-8 inches long, 1-13 line in breadth,
linear, tapering to an acute base, minutely stipitate, obtuse or emarginate,
quite simple, with a perfectly entire and flat margin, traversed by a slender
percurrent midrib. This primary or generating frond throws off from its
midrib numerous similar but smaller fronds, which issue very irregularly,
though frequently in secund order; these again emit others; and thus by
repeated proliferous growth, a compound, much branched frond is at length
formed. The lamina is composed of hexagonal cells, set in obliquely trans-
verse lines, and of equal length and breadth. Fruit of both sorts is borne
on special fruit-leaves, springing from the midribs, and resembling the pri-

mary fronds in everything but size, being rarely more than 1-4 lines long,
and not } line in width. The ceramidia are ovate, sessile on the midrib;
the ¢e¢raspores triangularly parted, arranged in a single row at each side of
the midrib, near its summit. The colour is a brownish red or full-red, be-
coming darker in drying. The swéstance is membranous, not very soft, and
the frond imperfectly adheres to paper in drying.

With the habit of a hypophyllous De/esseria this little plant
has the cellular structure and the fructification of Amansia, a
genus which includes several subtypes, if all the plants now re-
ferred to it be suffered to remain. I have not seen any specimens
of Sonder’s Delesseria Amansioides, which I doubtfully refer,
from his description, to our plant. Externally our plants seem
to agree, but Sonder describes the cellular structure to. consist
of a single layer of empty hexagonal cells, covered by a layer of
superficial cellules. In my plant the lamina consists wholly of
hexagonal cells, which are filled with granular, bright-red endo-
chrome, liable, however, in the dried state, to be dissipated, when
they may sometimes appear empty. I find no trace of cortical
cellules ; the midrib alone is polysiphonous.

Fig. 1. AMANsiA LINEARIS,—the natural size. 2. A sporophyll or fruit-leaf-
let, bearing a ceramidium. 38. Spores from the ceramidium. 4. A sporophyll,
bearing tetraspores. 5. A tetraspore:—the latter figures variously magnified.

Plate. CI.

Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Cryptonemiacee.

Prater CIX.

Grn. Cuan. Frond compressed or flattened, between fleshy and gelatinous,
dichotomous or subpinnate, composed of two strata; the medullary
stratum formed of longitudinal, interwoven, subsimple filaments, the
peripheric of excurrent, dichotomo-fastigiate, articulate filaments, moni-
liform toward the apices, and lying in lax or firm gelatine. Fructifi-
cation: 1, favelle immersed below the cortical filaments, containing
within a gelatinous periderm numerous roundish spores; 2, cruciate
tetraspores dispersed among the cortical filaments.—Nemastoma* (J.
Ag.), from vnwa, a thread, and perhaps cotnps, in its senes of to
strengthen or standfast ?

Lrons compresso-plana, gelatinoso-carnosa, dichotoma v. vage pinnata, duplici
strato constituta ; strato medullari filis longitudinalibus simpliciusculis inter-
textis, peripherico jilis excurrenti-verticalibus dichotomo-fastigiatis articulatis
apicem versus moniliformibus, muco laxiori v. solidescente cohibitis contexto.
Fruct.: 1, favelle simplices, infra fila peripherica immerse ; 2, tetraspore
cruciatim divise, sparse, intra fila moniliformia nidulantes,

Nemastoma ? comosa ; frond very long, linear, compressed, distantly forked;
the segments elongate, simple, densely fringed with subdistichous or
scattered, slender, filiform, basally and apically attenuated ramuli;
cystocarps and tetraspores both immersed in the ramuli (of different
individuals).

N.? comosa ; fronde longissima lineari compressa parce et distanter furcata ;
laciniis elongatis simplicibus ramulis gracilibus filiformibus utrinque attenuatis
subdistichis sparsisve densissime comatis ; cystocarpiis tetrasporisve in ramulis
nidulantibus.

NeEMAsSTOMA? comosa, Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 432.

Has. At Philip Island, Western Port, W. H. H.

Groer. Distr. Coast of Victoria.

Descr. Root a small disc. Frond 4—6 feet long, compressed, 4—5 lines in breadth,
forked a short way from the base, again at a foot distance, and afterwards at
intervals of 12—18 inches; the dranches occasionally quite simple, and two
or more feet long. The awi/s rounded, and apices gradually attenuated.
Throughout the whole frond, or its larger part, the margin is densely fringed,
at intervals of a line or less, with horizontally patent, subdistichous, slender

* Professor Agardh has not explained this name, which he originally (1842)
spelled Nemostoma (Alg. Medit. p. 89); changing it to Nemastoma in 1847.

branchlets, 13-4 inches long, and 4-3 line, or rather more, in diameter.
These ramuli taper to base and apex, and are sometimes simple, but more
generally, like the frond itself, they are twice or thrice forked. The frond is
composed wholly of filaments; those of the axis are longitudinal, densely
packed, somewhat branched, interwoven, and lying in moderately firm gela-
tine; those of the periphery are many times forked, surrounded by much
looser gelatine, and their coloured apices are moniliform. The favell@ are im-
mersed in the ramuli, at the base of the peripheric filaments, and surrounded
by a gelatinous periderm. The ¢e¢raspores, on separate plants, are hidden
among the moniliform extremities of the peripheric filaments of the ramuli :
they are cruciate. The colour when quite recent is a rather dull brownish-
purple, which is soon expelled in fresh-water, and the plant fades to pale
rufescent-brown. The substance is gelatinous and elastic, soon softening

and becoming slimy in fresh-water, and in drying the frond adheres very
closely to paper.

If this plant be correctly referred to Memastoma, of which it
has the fruit and general structure, it is by much the largest and
finest species of the genus. Though the dichotomous branching
is in some degree concealed by the distant furcations and abun-
dance of lateral ramuli, it is nevertheless present, and exists even
in the ramuli, so that our plant agrees tolerably with other
species in the proper evolution of the frond. ‘There is some
similarity externally to Helminthocladia, but the structure of the
cystocarpic fruit is very different.

When preparing the figure I had not observed ¢etraspores.
They are abundantly dispersed among the moniliform filaments,
forming the outer wall of the slender lateral ramuli, and occur

in more luxuriant and comose specimens than those that bear
cystocarps.

Fig. 1. Nemastoma? comosa, base of a (six feet long!) frond,—the natural
size. 2. Segment of a transverse cutting of a ramulus, showing two favellz
lying beneath the excurrent peripheric threads. 38. Some spores :—mag-

nified.

Plate CX.

Ser, MELANOSPERMEA. Fam. Hucacee.

Piatt CX.
SARGASSUM RAOULII, Hook fil. ct Harv.

Gen. Cuar. Loot scutate. Frond pinnately decompound, with distinct stem,
branches, leaves, vesicles, and receptacles. Vesicles stipitate, swpra-
axillary, simple, most frequently mucronate or leaf-bearing. ecep-
¢acles pod-like, torulose or moniliform, axillary. Scaphidia dicecious.
Spores obovoid.—Sareassum (4g.), from the Spanish sargazo, a name
given by navigators to floating seaweed.

Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, caule proprio, ramis, folus,
vesiculis, receptaculisque donata. Vesicule stipitate, supra-axillares, simpli-
ces, sepissime mucronate v. foliifere. Receptacula siliqueformia, torulosa v.
nodulosa, axillaria. Scaphidia dioica. Spore obovoidee.

Sarcassum faoulii ; stem very long, slender, smooth, strongly compressed,
two-edged, angularly bent, alternately decompound ; branches similar ;
leaves slhcencie. Uses: vertical, repeatedly dichotomous ; the
segments very narrow, linear, plano- compressed, nerveless, sparingly
glandular ; vesicles spherical, mucronulate, at length muticous; re-
ceptacles smooth, submoniliform, racemoso- ‘paniculate.

S. Raoulii; caule longissimo gracili levi arcte compresso ancipiti angulatin
flexuosa “alterne decomposito ; ramis similibus; foliis distichis verticalibus
pluries dichotomis fastigiatis ; lacinirs angustissimis linearibus plano-compressts
enerviis parce glandulosis ; vesiculis sphericis setaceo-mucronulatis demum
muticis ; receptaculis levibus nodulosis racemoso-paniculatis.

SarGassuM Raoulii, Hook. fil. et Harv. in Hook. Lond. Journ. v. 4. p. 523.
Fl. N. Zeal. v. 2. p. 212. J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 1. p. 289. Harv. Alg.
Austr. Exsic. n. 24. Harv. in Hook. #1. Tasm. p. 282.

Has. Shores of Tasmania. Sandy Bay, Dr. Lyall and Dr. Hooker. South
Port, Afr. C. Stuart. Abundant at Georgetown, Mr. Gunn, W. H. H.
Port Arthur, VW. H. H.

Grocer. Distr. Tasmania. New Zealand, Raoul.

Descr. Root discoid. Frond three to six or eight feet long or more, much
branched ; the branches either developed alternately on a lengthened stem,
or many starting near the root from a short primary stem, and constituting
so many secondary stems. Both stem and branches are slender, from half a
line to a line in breadth, strongly compressed and the Beier two-edged,
angularly bent at short intervals, gradually attenuated upwards and passing
at the extremity into almost filiform prolongations. The lower part of the
branch, often for a foot or more, is denuded of leaves, and armed at intervals
of 3-1 inch with the spine-like remains of old petioles. The leaves are dis-

tichous and vertical, an inch or an inch and a half long, somewhat flabelli-
form in outline, dichotomous, divided to the base into many, almost fili-
form, repeatedly forked, nerveless, acute segments. In the young root-
leaves alone is there any appearance of a midrib, The glands vary in
number in specimens of different ages. The vesicles are spherical, of a
golden yellow, borne on slender petioles, one above the axil of each leaf;
the largest are 5 lines, the smaller 2-3 lines in diameter, and tipped when
young with a minute setaceous point. eceptacles in a branching raceme
or panicle, on forked pedicels; each receptacle 2-4 lines long, scarcely
thicker than bristle, smooth, constricted, and somewhat moniliform, con-
taining a single row of scaphidia. The colour of stem and leaves is a
bright brownish-olive ; that of the vesicles yellow. The substance is coria-
ceous.

This handsome plant is abundant in Tasmania, and is par-
ticularly striking whilst growing, by the profusion of bright-
yellow, globose air-vessels, scattered like golden apples over the
branches. The multifid leaves are unlike those of other Aus-
tralian species, except 8. varians, which differs in the broader,
nerved, more pinnatifid and not fastigiate leaves, and in general
aspect.

Fertile specimens of 8. Raoult are either very rare or con-
fined to deep water. Where it grows at Georgetown it is
quite barren.

Fig.l. Sarcassum Raovuit, small portion of a branch, with ramuli, leaves,
and vesicles. 2. Base of stem and branches :—both of the natural size.
3. Receptacles and part of a leaf,—enlarged.

Ser. KHODOSPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee.

Pirate CXI.
BINDERA SPLACHNOIDES, Zar.

Gen. Cuar. Frond bag-like, proliferous, filled with transparent fluid, mem-
branaceous, composed of three strata; the medu/lary stratum of inter-
woven, longitudinal filaments; the cxtermediate of a single row of
large subquadrate cells; the cort¢icad of minute, coloured cellules, in
few rows. J ructification: 1, external, globose, sessile conceptactes,
containing numerous parietal tufts of moniliform spore-threads; 2,
triangularly parted ¢e¢raspores, in definite, scattered sori.BrnpERA*
(Harv.), in honour of Dr. Nicholas Binder, Biirgermeister of Ham-
burg, a patron of botany, and possessor of one of the finest collec-
tions of Algze in Europe.

Frons saccata, prolifera, succo hyalino repleta, membranacea, stratis fere tribus
contexta ; strato medullari filis articulatis interteatis longitudinalibus, inter-
medio cellulis magnis subquadrilateris uniseriatis, corticali cellulis minimis
coloratis pauciseriatis constante. Fruct.: 1, conceptacula (desmiocarpia) in
frondem sessilia, globosa, fasciculos parietales plures filorum sporiferorum fo-
ventia ; 2, tetraspore triangule divise, in soros definitos superficiales col-
lecte. ;

Binpera splachnoides, Uarv.
Has. Discovered at Garden Island, near Fremantle, G. Clifton, Esq.

Groar. Distr. Western Australia.

Dzscr. Root a small disc. Frond 3-6 inches long, cylindrical, slightly narrowed
to the obtuse extremity, constricted at the base into a minute, setaceous
stipes, bag-like, filled with transparent, watery gelatine, at first perfectly
simple, but afterwards emitting irregularly from its sides and apex similar
bag-like, simple fronds, and thus eventually becoming proliferously much
branched. Every branch is a repetition of the primary frond, to which it
is attached by a minute stipes. The very young fronds are traversed with
longitudinal filaments, laxly set in watery gelatine; the older become sac-
cate, the filaments being confined to the inner side of the membranous wall
of the frond, where they constitute the inner or medullary stratum. Outside
this filamentous matrix is a single row of large, empty, quadrate cells, and
these are protected externally by a very thin cortical layer, formed of a few
rows of minute, coloured cellules, imperfectly arranged in moniliform sets.
The conceptacles are scattered on the younger branches, and are very pro-
minent, slightly constricted at base, and depressedly globular ; their pericarp
is thick, its walls composed of a network of filaments, from which spring

* Bindera, J. Ag., is the same as Spyridia, Harv.

into the internal cavity the numerous parietal spore-tufts, composed of
beaded strings of spores. The placentze project irregularly into the cavity,
some being very short, others longer, and some almost dendroid. 'The tefra-
spores are collected in oblong, defined sori or spots, scattered over the frond;
they are triangularly parted, and lodged among the cellules of the cortical
layer. The colour is a delicate rose-red, becoming rather darker in drying.
The substance is gelatinoso-membranaceous, and the plant in drying adheres
closely to paper.

This is a very remarkable plant, having the general habit, the
colour, and the substance of a Halymenia, or of Chrysymenia en-
teromorpha, but with external cystocarps of the structure nearly
of those of Chetangiwm, to which genus it is therefore most
allied. From Chetangium, however, it differs in cellular struc-
ture and gelatinous substance, in the very prominent, not de-
pressed or semi-immersed cystocarps, and especially in the fe-
trasporic fruit, the ¢etraspores being triangularly divided and
grouped together in definite spots or sori, as they are in WVito-
plyllum.

That it constitutes the type of a perfectly distinct new genus
can scarcely be doubted, and I gladly take this opportunity of
paying an old debt, by inscribing it with the name of Dr. Bin-
der, of Hamburg, an enthusiastic admirer of Alga, the possessor
of a noblescollection, which he freely opens for the use of all in-
terested in this branch of botany, and to whom I am personally
under obligation for repeated contributions of valuable speci-
mens. The plant formerly named Bindera insignis by Professor
J. Agardh, and which had previously been named Lypnothaha
Wightit by Greville, is a species of the older genus Spyridia.

Fig. 1. BrnpERa spLacHNorpEs,—the natural size. 2. A branch, containing
sori. 8. Section through the membrane of the same, showing tetraspores
in situ. 4. A tetraspore. 5. A branch, with conceptacles. 6. A section
through a conceptacle :—the latter figures variously magnified.

Plate CAI

‘Vincere Prodks Ing

Ser. CHLOROSPERME. Fam. Confervacee.

Puate CXII.

CLADOPHORA BAINESIIL, # Mell. ct Harv.

Gen. Cuar. Filaments tufted, articulated, uniform, branched. Articula-
tions filled with green, granular endochrome, which is changed at
maturity into zoospores.—CLapopHora (Kéitz.), from «Aados, a
branch, and dopew, to bear.

Fila cespitosa, articulata, ramosa. Articuli endochromate viridi grumoso, de-
mum im zoosporos mutato, repleti.

CrapopHora Bainesii ; yellow-green, glossy when dry, very soft, with a
long stipes ; filaments setaceous at base, then capillary and very much
attenuated upwards, elongate, di-trichotomously much branched ;
branches trichotomo-multifid, set with multifid lateral ramuli; ulti-
mate branchlets long and filiform, acute or mucronate; articulations
of the branches very long, cylindrical, 20-30 times longer than
broad, constricted at the joints of the ramuli, 6-10 times as long as

broad.

C. Bainesii ; longiuscule stipitata, flavo-viridis, siccitate vitreo-nitens, mollissima ;
jilis bast setaceis mox capillaribus sursum maxime attenuatis elongatis di-
trichotomis ramosissimis ; ramis trichotomo-multifidis ramulis lateralibus poly-
chotomis onustis ; ramulis ultimis longe filiformibus apice acutis mucronatis,
articulis ramorum longissime cylindraceis diametro 20—30-plo longioribus
ad genicula constrictis, ramulorum diametro 6—-10-plo longioribus.

CiaDoPHoRA Bainesii, F. Muell. et Harv. Harv. Alg. Exsic. Austr. n. 579.

Has. Port Phillip, Wr. Baines, W.H.H. Georgetown, Tasmania, Wr.
Gunn, W.H. H., etc.

Groer. Distr. Victoria, Tasmania.

Derscr. Root asmall disc. Filaments 6-10 inches long, tufted, the-basal cell or
stipes rising without branch or dissepiment for 2-3 inches, then three-forked,
and afterwards repeatedly di-trichotomous and multifid. The stipes is
nearly as thick as hog’s-bristle, and somewhat rigid; the branches into
which it first divides are capillary, growing more slender at every node,
and soon the filament becomes excessively slender, more frequently branched,
very soft, and the order of ramification not easily distinguishable. The
articulations throughout the filament are of great length, cylindrical, filled
with endochrome; those of the lower forkings filiform, 40-50 times as
long as broad; those of the upper gradually shorter, and towards the ends
of the branches 10-20 times: in the ramuli they are 8-10 times, slightly
constricted at the nodes, the terminal cell obtuse. The colour is a pale

yellow-green, glossy when dry. The substance is very soft, silky, and flaccid,
and in drying the plant adheres pretty closely to paper.

PRR PAP LILIA

In ramification, and in the great length of the articulations,
this elegant species agrees with C. Feredayi (Plate XLVIL.),
from which it differs in being of smaller size, in the much greater
tenuity of the filaments and especially of the upper branches
and ramuli, in the very soft substance and yellow-green colour.
It is not likely to be confounded with any Australian species,
but agrees in several respects with some from Japan; and in
ramification with the European C. pellucida and its allies.

The first specimens I saw were observed in a book of care-
fully dried and well selected Algz, prepared by Mr. Baines, of
Melbourne, for exhibition in the Victorian “ Crystal Palace,” and
which were, I believe, afterwards contributed to the Paris Ex-
hibition of 1855. ‘The book was sent to Dr. Ferd. Mueller and
myself for our imspection, previous to being forwarded to the
Exhibition, and we agreed to affix Mr. Baines’s name to this
new species of his discovery.

Fig. 1. Cuapopnora Bainesit,—the natural size. 2. Portion of the upper
extremity of a branch. 3. Cells from a ramulus :—the latter figures mag-
nified.

Vincent: Brooks, imp.

Ser. RHODOSPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee ?

Piate CXIII.
THAMNOCLONIUM FLABELLIFORME, Soxd.

Gen. Cuan. Frond dendroid or flabelliform, compressed or plane, imper-
fectly costate, rigidly horny or coriaceous, mostly covered with spi-
nous tubercles, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum very
dense, of slender, cylindrical, longitudinally seriated cellules ; cortical
of roundish-angular, coloured cells. Mructification: 1, cystocarps ?;
2, cruciate tetraspores, contained in nemathecia. —'THAMNOCLONIUM
(Kiitz.), from Oapvos, a shrub, and Krov, a branch.

Frons dendroidea v. flabelliformis, compressa v. plana, immerse costata, rigide
cornea et coriacea, sepissime spinuloso-verrucosa, stratis duobus composite ;
strato medullari densissimo, cellulis cylindraceis gracilibus longitudinaliter se-
riatis ; corticali cellulis rotundato-angulatis coloratis formato. Fruct.: 1,
cystocarpia ignota; 2, tetraspore cruciatim divise, in nemathectis proprits
evolute.

THaMNocionium flabelliforme ; frond stipitate, flabelliform, entire or di-
vided, the lamina sponge-like, formed of closely interlaced, anastomos-
ing, rigid fibres. |

T. flabelliforme ; fronde stipitata flabeiliformi integra v, partita, lamina spon-

giaformi ex fibrillis rigidis densissime intertextis anastomosantibusque consti-
tuta.

THAMNOCLONIUM flabelliforme, Sond. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 185. Harv.
in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p.537. Harv. Alg. Austr, Hesic. n. 153.

Has. Cast ashore near Fremantle, Preiss, Clifton, W. H. H.
Grocer. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root clasping, with 4-5 short, thick branches. Stem simple, or dividing
into several, 2—3 inches high, 2—5 lines in diameter, slightly compressed,
rigid and woody, compressed upwards, bifid or trifid, passing into the
base of a flabelliform lamina, through which it is continued as a more
or less evident, immersed, subdichotomous costa. This costa forms the
groundwork or axis of the fan-shaped lamina, and is solid, and at first
naked, but it emits from its surface slender filiform processes, which soon
anastomose and cover it up in a reticulated stratum; and also throws off
from its edges similar but much longer processes which, extend, inter-
weave, and anastomose, until a thick, sponge-like, fibro-cribrose body is
gradually formed. This sponge-like lamina is 5-10 inches long, 3-8 inches
wide, broadly obovate-cuneiform or subrotund, simple or divided into seve-
ral vertical lobes, fastigiate, with a rounded outline. In old specimens
small fruit-leaves (sporophylia) are irregularly emitted from the surface of
the spongy network; these are 2-4 lines long, flabelliform, bifid or twice
forked, and perfectly glabrous, and they bear in their upper half roundish

nemathecia, developed at both surfaces, and containing minute cruciate
tetraspores, hidden among short, vertical fibres. The colowr is probably a
full, dark brownish-red, but in all our specimens has considerably faded,
and partly changed into dull-green. The swéstance is extremely hard and
rigid, and the plant shows no tendency to adhere to paper in drying.

A very curious and rare Alga, whose peculiarly sponge-like
structure is but imperfectly given in our rudely executed figure,
which otherwise tolerably represents one of the larger and more
divided specimens in the Dublin herbarium. The mode of evo-
lution of the frond has yet to be ascertained. Judging by the
few specimens I have seen, and which are in different stages of
growth, I am disposed to think that the frond at an early stage
is solid, and perhaps smooth, but soon becomes covered over
with slender, anastomosing fibrils, which extend chiefly laterally,
and form the flattened, spongy lamina. Very old fronds produce
numerous small, flabelliform or forked leaflets on the surface of
the spongy frond, and in these, after the figure had been com-
pleted, I detected ¢e¢raspores, lodged in discoid nemathecia. No
other fructification has yet been observed.

I am indebted to Dr. Sonder for a fragment of Preiss’s ori-
ginal specimen, and to my often-mentioned and liberal friend
George Clifton, for the specimen here drawn, and others m va-
rious states. All bear the marks of long exposure to the
weather, and are much faded.

As the cystocarpic fruit of Thamnoclonium is still unknown,
the exact affinities of the genus cannot be determined, but the
structure of the frond is so similar to that of the denser genera
of Gelidiacee, particularly of the group Chetangiea, that I have
little hesitation im associating it with that family. At any rate
it is far removed from Polyphacum, with which Agardh placed
the species known to him.

Fig. 1. THAMNOCLONIUM FLABELLIFORME,—¢he natural size. 2. Transverse
slice through one of the fibres of the spongy network, showing two axes,
sunk in a common cellular substance, and which would probably be resolved
into two fibres, the cellular matrix disappearing ?—magnified.

Plate CATV

Vincent Brooks, Inxp

Ser. RHopOSPERMEA. Fam. Gelidiacee ?

Puate CXIV.
THAMNOCLONIUM LEMANNIANUM, Zarv.

Gen. Cuan. Frond dendroid or flabelliform, compressed or plane, imper-
fectly costate, rigidly horny or coriaceous, mostly covered with spi-
nous tubercles, composed of two strata; the medullary stratum very
dense, of slender, cylindrical, longitudinally seriated cellules ; cortical
of roundish-angular, coloured cells. ructification: 1, Cystocarps ?;
2, cruciate ¢etraspores, contained in nemathecia.—THAMNOCLONIUM
(Kiitz.), from Oapvos, a shrub, and kro, a branch.

Frons dendroidea v. flabelliformis, compressa v. plana, immerse costata, rigide
cornea et coriacea, sepissime spinuloso-verrucosa, stratis duobus composita ;
strato medullari densissimo, cellulis cylindraceis gracilibus longitudinaliter
seriatis ; corticalt cellulis rotundato-angulatis coloratis formato. Fruct.: 1,
cystocarpia ignota; 2, tetraspore cruciatim divise, im nematheciis propriis
evolute.

TuHamNoctonium Lemannianum ; frond dendroid, the stem cylindrical ;
branches winged below, expanding upwards into flat, strongly mid-
ribbed phyllodia, at length proliferously much branched; phyllodia
linear-cuneiform, sinuoso-pinnatifid, covered with muricated warts,
and traversed by a vanishing, immersed midrib; apices and lacinize
very obtuse.

T. Lemannianum ; fronde dendroidea, caule cylindraceo; ramis basi alatis
sursum in phyllodia plana costata eaplanatis demum prolifere ramosissimis ;
phyllodiis lineari-cuneiformibus sinuoso-pinnatifidis creberrime echinato-verru-
cosis costa evanescente immersa percursis ; apicibus laciniisque obtusis.

THAMNOCLONIUM Lemannianum, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 588.
Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 154.

Has. Cast ashore at Fremantle, Mr. Mylne, W. H. H.

Groar. Distr. Western Australia.

Descr. Root a tuber, as large as a hazel-nut, with a few stout, clasping, short
branches. Stem 2-4 lines in diameter, cylindrical, very hard and woody,
branched ; the branches dividing irregularly, soon becoming winged at thie
edges, and passing upwards into the bases of strongly ribbed phyllodiu.
Phyllodia 4-6 inches long, linear-oblong or subcuneate, obtuse, tapering
at base, the margin either, sinuate or deeply incised in an alternately pin-
natifid manner; the dodes few and very erect, linear-oblong, obtuse,
traversed by an immersed midrib, which generally becomes faint or dis-
appears altogether beyond the middle. The surface is thickly covered with
minute echinated warts, which give it a rough feel, and an appearance to the
naked eye of coarse shagreen. These warts are of different sizes, small and

large intermixed. No fruit has yet been observed. A longitudinal section
of a phyllodium shows a broad and very dense and compact medullary stra-
tum, formed of very minute and slender cylindrical cellules, placed longi-
tudinally, and in a filiform series, but scarcely connected with definite fila+
ments; and a narrower cortical layer of many rows of roundish, coloured
cells. The colour is a dark brown-red, passing through dull-orange into
dirty-white or greenish. The swdstance is extremely hard and rigid, and
shows no tendency to adhere to paper in drying.

————

Our figure represents but a small portion of a proliferously
much branched frond, which would more than cover a quarto
plate, and which is also more thickly beset with leaf-like branches
(phyllodia) than the figure exhibits. While the structure and
rigid substance are very similar in this to what they are in 7.
flabelliforme, given in our last Plate, the habit is different.
Instead of the coating of interlaced fibrils which constitute so
large a part of the “phyllodia” in T. flabelliforme, we have
here minute echinated papillz, which are never developed into
filaments, and merely serve to roughen the surface. Similar
papillee are found in other species, with which the present
nearly agrees in habit and structure.

This is the largest and finest species of Thamnoclonium, and
is inscribed to the memory of the late Dr. Charles Lemann,
F.L.:S., of London, a distinguished botanist and estimable man,
to whom I am indebted for the first specimen received. It was
included in a parcel of Algze collected by Mr. Mylne, in Western
Australia, and sent to me by Dr. Lemann. It seems to be of
very rare occurrence, and has not as yet been sent by Mr.
Clifton, in whose neighbourhood it is found.

Fig. 1. Toamnoctonium Lemannianum,—the natural size. 2. Small portion
of the surface, showing the spinous tubercles. 3. Section through the
frond. 4. Small portion of the same, to show the different cellular struc-
ture in the medullary and cortical layers :—the latter figures variously mag-

nified.

Plate CAV

Ser. RHoposPERME. Fam. Rhodymentacee.

Puate CXV.

DASYPHL@A TASMANICA, Hook. fil. et Harv.

Gren. Cuar. Frond cylindrical, dendroid, membranaceo-cartilaginous,
coated externally with microscopic hyaline hairs, and formed of a
central articulated filament and two strata; the intermediate stratum
composed of longitudinal, branching, excurrent filaments ; the cortical
membranaceous, of roundish-angular cells. ructification: 1, bi-
nate cystocarps 1mmersed in the ramuli, containing moniliform spore-
threads issuing from a central placenta ; 2, zonate ¢etraspores in wart-
like nemathecia—Dasyput@a (Mont.), from Sacvs, hairy, and
provos, bark.

Frons cylindrica, dendroidea, membranaceo-cartilaginea, pilis minimis tota ves-
tita, ex tubo centrali articulato stratisque duobus contexta ; strato intermedio
lawo, filis numerosis longitudinalibus, ramis horizontaliter eacurrentibus ; peri-
pherico membranaceo cellulis rotundato-angulatis formato. Fruct.: 1, cys-
tocarpia binata ramulis immersa, ex filis moniliformibus sporiferis a placenta
centrali radiantibus constituta ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in nematheciis
verruceformibus evolute.

Dasypuie@a Tasmanica ; frond softly cartilaginous, rose-red, decompound,
much branched ; branches irregularly inserted, repeatedly divided,
narrowed towards each extremity, and beset with small setaceous ra-
muli ; cystocarps in the ramuli.

D. Tasmanica ; fronde molliter cartilaginea rosea decomposita ramosissima ; ra-
mis vage insertis patentibus pluries divisis basi et apice attenuatis ramulis se-
taceis fructiferis obsessis.

Dasypui@a Tasmanica, Hook. f. et Harv. in Lond. Journ. v. 6. p. 406. J.
Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 216. Harv. in Hook. Fl. Tasm. p. 320.

Has, Circular Head, Tasmania, M/s. Smith. South Australia, Dr. Curdie.
Port Phillip Heads, Mrs. Mallard, W.H.H.

Grocer. Distr. South coast of Australia.

Descr. Root discoid. Frond 6-10 inches long, and as much in the expansion
of the branches, very irregular in ramification. The principal stem is either
simple and percurrent or it divides into two or more leading branches, which
are either simple or forked. These throw off laterally, at very short inter-
vals, numerous secondary, very patent or horizontal branches of unequal
length, partly distichous, partly irregularly spiral in insertion, tapering at
base and apex, flexuous and subacute. In like manner a third and fourth

series of shorter and subdistichous branchlets are given off ; the ultimate ra-
muli being setaceous, 2—3 lines long, more or less numerous. Cystocarps are
formed, two together, in the ultimate ramuli, which then become fusiform ;
they consist of moniliform strings of spore-threads issuing from a placenta
surrounding the central axile filament of the branchlet, which remains nearly
unchanged in structure. Nemathecia have not been seen. The whole sur-
face of the frond is coated with very minute, unicellular, taper-pointed hairs,
visible only under a considerable magnifying power. Colour a full rosy-
red, becoming darker in drying. The substance is soft, but cartilaginous,
not very tender, and the frond in drying adheres closely to paper.

The genus Dasyphiwa was founded by Montagne on an Alga
from New Zealand, closely allied to the subject of the present
Plate, if indeed it be specifically distinct; and the generic cha-
racter, as first given, was chiefly based on the presence of the
microscopic pubescence alluded to in the generic name. As such
pubescence is very unusual among the Algz, it serves at once
to mark the genus, which is further distinguished by peculiari-
ties of structure and fructification that fully bear out Dr. Mon-
tagne’s decision. The natural affinities of Dasyphlea appear to
me to be rather with Rhabdonia than with Chrysymenia, next
which it is doubtfully placed by Agardh. The dzxate arrange-
ment of the cystocarps is peculiar, but the spore-threads re-
semble those of Rhabdonia, Areschougia, and Lrythroclonium ;
and while the hadct of Dasyphlea is near that of Rhabdonia, it
agrees in structure better with Mrythroclonium. Between these
genera it may be naturally placed. But whether I am nght mm
retaining the small group to which Rhadbdonia is referable
(Dumontiee of Agardh) among the Rhodymeniacea, is a question
which admits of reconsideration.

Fig. 1. DasypHi@a TasManica,—the natural size. 2. A small branchlet, with
fertile ramuli. 3. Cross section of the frond. 4. One of the superficial
hairs. 5. Cross section through a fertile ramulus, showing the binate cys-
tocarps. 6. One of the excurrent filaments. 7. Some spore-threads from
the cystocarps :—the latter figures more or less magnified.

Plate CXVI.

~~

_ Vincent Brooks, Imp.

SAA
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SSSA A
SSS NW

ZKM i Ni/ Y WOE Z; VGA
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WN NA Vv

Ser. MELANOSPERMEM. Fam. Pucacee.

Pratt CXVI.

CYSTOPHORA CEPHALORNITHOS, 4.

Gun. Cnar. Loot scutate. round pinnately decompound, dendroid, with
a distinct stem, branches, and ramuliform leaves. Vesicles stipitate,
simple, rarely absent. Receptacles pod-like, torulose or moniliform,
developed in the ramuli. Scaphidia hermaphrodite. Spores obovoid.
—Cystornora (J. 4g.), from kvortis, a bladder, and hope, to bear.

Radix scutata. Frons pinnatim decomposita, dendroidea, caule proprio, ramis
Solusque ramuliformibus donata. Vesicule stipitate, simplices, raro nulle.
Receptacula siliqueformia, torulosa v. nodulosa, apice ramulorum evoluta.
Scaphidia hermaphrodita.

CystopHora cephalornithos ; stem terete, simple, warted ; branches issuing
from all sides, pinnately divided; ramuli filiform, the uppermost
changed at their summits into terete receptacles; vesicles fusiform,
setaceo-mucronate, issuing from the stem or larger branches.

C. cephalornithos ; caule terete simplici verrucoso ; ramis undique egredientibus
pinnatin v. bipinnatim ramosis ; ramulis filiformibus, ultimis in receptacula te-
retia levia abeuntibus ; vesiculis fusiformibus setaceo-aristatis e caule ramisque
majoribus enatis.

Cystopuora cephalornithos, J. 4g. Sp. Alg. v. 1.-p. 246. Harv. Alg. Austr.
Exsic. n. 12.

Cystospr1ra cephalornithos, 4g. Syst. p. 291.
Fucus cephalornithos, Ladill. Pl. Nov. Holl. t. 261.

Has. At Cape Van Diemen, Ladillardiére. Port Phillip, Areschoug.
Mouths of Glenelg River, Dr. Curdie. Port Fairy and Western Port,
Victoria, W. H. H.

Geocr. Distr. South coast of Australia.

Descr. Root a small disc, Fronds tufted, 2-3 feet long. Stem filiform, }—?
line in diameter, simple, denuded in its lower part, and there warted or
muricated with the remains of old branches, densely beset in its upper half
with short, laterally patent or subhorizontal branches issuing to all sides.
The general outline of the frond is oblong and brush-like. In smaller speci-
mens the lateral branches are simply pinnate, with a few slender, simple,
filiform ramuli; in the larger the branches are longer, 5-6 inches long, and
more or less bipinnate. ‘The vesicles are copious, on long or short petioles,
narrow-ovoid or fusiform, tipped with a longish bristle, and they are borne,
along with the branches, on the stem; in the larger specimens, however,
they often occur among the ramuli on the lateral branches. The receptacles

are simple, cylindrical, 5-? inch long, blunt, and smooth, formed in the

ends of the ultimate, or occasionally of all the ramuli. The colour is a full
dark-olive, becoming black when dry. The sudstance is coriaceous and ra-
ther flaccid:

This is one of the smaller and more slender species of Cysto-
phora, and not likely to be confounded with any other. It is
most allied to C. wifera, with which it agrees in the usual posi-
tion of the air-vessels, which in these two species arise from the
main branch or rachis of the frond, but from which it differs in
the shape of the air-vessels. In C. cephalornithos the vesicle is
shaped, as the name signifies, something like a bird’s head (Fig.
2), and in C. wvifera it is globose, like a grape.

Our figure necessarily represents one of the smaller and
younger fronds. Old specimens, from deep water, become again
decompound, the ramuli shooting out into secondary rachides,
and being closely pinnated and vesiculiferous, and in all respects
repetitions of the primary frond.

This species is not uncommon on the coast of Victoria. My
largest specimens were gathered at Port Fairy.

Fig. 1. CystopHora CEPHALORNITHOS,—the natural size. 2. Avesicle. 3.
Ramuli bearing receptacles :—the latter figures enlarged.

Plate CXVM.

fh

aN

fmcent Srooks, Imp

Ser. RuoposperMus. Fam. Rhodymeniacea.

Puate CXVII.
ARESCHOUGIA? SEDOIDES, Zar.

Gen. Cuan. Frond compressed or filiform, vaguely branched, composed
of an articulated axial filament, and three (rarely but two) strata
of cells; the medullary stratum consisting of longitudinal, anasto-
mosing, interwoven filaments ; the iztermediate (sometimes absent) of
several rows of roundish, coloured cells; the cortical of minute, ver-
tically seriated cellules. ructification: 1, conceptactes immersed in
the frond, suspended among the filaments of the medullary stratum,
and enclosed in a network of filaments, opening by an external pore,
and containing moniliform strings of spores, radiating from a central
placenta; spores roundish; 2, zonate ¢e¢raspores, formed on the cor-
tical stratum of the ramulii—Arescnoveta (Harv.), in honour of
Dr. J. E. Areschoug, Professor of Botany at Upsal, a distinguished
algologist.

Frons compressa v. filiformis, vage ramosa, immerse costata, e filo centralt arti-
culato et stratis fere tribus cellularum constituta. Stratum medullare e filis
articulatis longitudinalibus anastomosantibus interteatis, intermedium (nunc
deficiens) e cellulis rotundatis majusculis pluriseriatis, corticale e cellulis mi-
nimis verticalibus formatum. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia fronde immersa, inter

fila strati medullaris suspensa, reticulo filorum velata, carpostomio demum
aperta, fila sporifera moniliformia a placenta centrali emissa continentia ;
spore subrotunde ; 2, tetraspore zonatim divise, inter cellulas corticales ra-
mulorum nidulantes.

ArEscnoueta? sedoides ; frond filiform, subdichotomous, or irregularly
branched; branches densely set with short, obovoid or pyriform,
quadrifarious ramuli; conceptacles and tetraspores formed in the
ramuli (of different individuals).

A. sedoides ; fronde filiformi subdichotome v. vage ramosa ; ramis ramulis bre-
vissimis obovoideis quadrifariis onustis ; fructu utriusque generis in ramulis
evoluto.

Has. Thrown up from deep water. Near Fremantle, Swan River, Mylne,
W.H. H., G. Clifton.

Groer. Distr. Western Australia.

Dzscr. Root thickened, somewhat bulbous. Frond filiform, as thick as whip-
cord, 4—6 inches long, and as much in the expansion of the branches, several
times irregularly forked; the divisions virgate, erecto-patent, 1-2 inches
long. All the younger branches are densely beset, on all sides, with minute,

pear-shaped, succulent ramuli, about a line or rather more in length, irregu-
larly inserted, and often fascicled : the older branches and stems are more
or less denuded, and are then opaque and smooth. The structure of the
stem is very dense, the interwoven filaments of the medullary stratum being
closely packed, and the cortical layer thick, composed of radiating, slender,
densely-set filaments. Conceptacles sunk in the medullary stratum of the
ramuli, surrounding the central axile filament on all sides; the nucleus
formed of moniliform, excurrent spore-threads ; spores elliptical. Telraspores
zonate, lodged in the cortical layer of rather larger and more succulent ra-
muli than those that bear conceptacles. Colour dark-red, becoming darker
in the herbarium. Substance cartilaginous and tough, enduring exposure
and long immersion in fresh-water. In drying the frond scarcely adheres to
paper, except when young.

PO eee

I have long been acquainted with this plant, but until now
have hesitated to describe it, from feeling uncertainty both as
to the proper genus to which it should be referred, and as to
whether it was fully organized, or merely some species in a de-
nuded condition. Several specimens recently received from Mr.
Clifton, some of them bearmg cystocarps, and others tetraspores,
have at length satisfied me that the present Alga is entitled to
specific distinction ; but I am still doubtful whether I ought to
refer it to Areschougia, or perhaps found a new genus upon it.
In its characters it comprises, very nearly, the genera Areschou-
gia and Erythroclonium, but does not quite agree with either ;
but on the whole—looking to the development of its stem and
primary branches—appears better associated with the former.
Here therefore I place it, though to admit it I have been ob-
liged to alter the generic character.

To complete its history it would be desirable to find it in a
young state and growing. We are still ignorant of the form of
the immature ramul, or whether, at any period, it bears flat,
foliaceous appendages.

Fig. 1. ARESCHOUGIA SEDOIDES,—the natural size. 2. A cross section of
the stem. 3. Some ramuli, zz situ, containing conceptacles. 4. Segment
of a cross section of a conceptacle-bearing ramulus. 5. Spore from the
same. 6. Ramuli, bearing ¢etraspores. 7. Segment of a cross section of
one of them. 8. Zetraspores from the same :—the latter figures variously
magnified.

VON eae ee) nena yen

4)

hy,

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tal
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1

Ser. RHoposPERMEs. Fam. Rhodymeniacee.

Prare OXVIII.
HYMENOCLADIA USNEA, J. 4.

Gen. Cuar. Frond softly membranaceous, flat, linear, distichous, decom-
poundly pinnated, composed of three strata of cells; the medullary
stratum of large, roundish, inflated cells; the cutermediate of smaller,
angular cells; the cortical of minute, coloured cellules, arranged in
vertical, moniliform series. ructification: 1, conceptacles globose,
sessile, with a thick, cellular pericarp, at length opening by an apical
pore; spore-threads moniliform, attached to a basal placenta; the
spores elliptic or oblong; 2, dispersed, tripartite ¢e¢raspores.—HyYME-
NocLapiA (J. 4g.), from bwny, a membrane, and KAabos, a branch.

Frons gelatinoso-membranacea, plano-compressa, linearis, distiche decomposito-
pinnata, stratis tribus contexta; medullari ex cellulis magnis vesicatis, inter-
medio ex cellulis minoribus rotundato-angulatis pluriseriatis, corticali ex cel-
lulis minutissimis coloratis in fila brevissima moniliformia verticalia conjunctis.
Cystocarpia intramarginalia, subspherica, sessilia, pericarpio crasso cellulari
demum ostiolo aperto, sporas oblongas in fila e placenta basalt radiantia evo-
lutas foventia. Tetraspore triangule divise, sparse.

Hymernociapta Usnea; frond blood-red, gelatino-membranaceous, di-
chotomo-pinnate ; rachis forked, broadly linear, narrowed at base ;
branches patent, ligulate, closely pectinated with horizontal, long and
narrow, simple or pinnulate ramuli; cystocarps and_ tetraspores
scattered.

H. Usnea; fronde sanguinea gelatinoso-membranacea dichotomo-pinnata supra-
decomposita; rachide sepius furcata lato-lineari basi angustata; ramis patenti-
bus v. divaricatis pectinato-pinnatis; pinnulis horizontalibus angustis elongatis
simplicibus v. iterum pectinato-pinnulatis ; cystocarpits tetrasporisque sparsis.

Hymenociapia Usnea, J. dg. Sp. Aig. v. 2. p. 172. Harv. Alg. Austr.
Easic. n. 365.

Fucus Usnea, &. Br. im Turn. Hist. Fuc. t. 225.

Has. Kent Island, R. Brown. Abundant at Port Phillip Heads, and
Western Port; VW. H. H., Dr. Mueller, Mr. Rawlinson, etc. Flinders
Island, Dr. Milligan.

Groer. Distr. South coast of Australia, east of Cape Northumberland.

Descr. Rooé a small disc. Frond tufted, 12-16 inches long, and as much in
the expansion of the branches, perfectly distichous, and much and irre-
gularly branched in an imperfectly dichotomous order, all the divisions
remarkably patent, with wide, blunt axils. The main frond varies from
being several times forked to nearly simple, and from 1 to 4—6 lines in

breadth; it always tapers much to the base, but does not greatly narrow
upwards. The primary branches are similar to the main frond, tapering
much to the base, sub-horizontally patent, simple or unilaterally or alter-
nately lobed or branched, and 4-8 inches long. The whole margin of all
the branches is closely pectinated, at distances of a line or less, with slender,
narrow-linear, horizontal, simple or branching ramuli, 3-15 inches long,
and rarely a line wide. Different specimens vary extremely in the minor
characters of the branching, some being much more divided and ramuli-
ferous than others. Cystocarps either marginal or scattered on the dise,
produced either in the ramuli, or on the branches, having a wide cavity and
few-spored nucleus ; the spores elliptical, imperfectly seriated. Zetraspores
lodged in the intermediate stratum, dispersed. Colou, when quite fresh,
a blood-red, fading on exposure or immersion in fresh-water. Substance
soft, decomposing, after a time, in fresh-water. In drying the frond adheres
closely to paper.

This fine species, one of the most showy of the Victorian
Algee, though long known to botanists by the figure in Turner’s
Hist. Fuc., was, until recently, in very few European herbaria ;
and though I had myself gathered some hundreds of specimens,
on none did I find cystocarpic fruit in a mature condition. For
fine specimens, in full fructification of both kinds, I have’ now
to thank Mr. Rawlinson of Melbourne, to whom (through Dr.
Mueller) I am also indebted for a suite of well-dried Algz,‘col-
lected at Port Phillip Heads.

The structure of the zucleus in this species and in 1. divari-
cata (Plate XX.), necessitates the placing of the genus Hymeno-
cladia among the Rhodymeniacee instead of the Laurenciacee,
where Agardh refers it.

Our Plate has been struck in rather too dark an ink, and is
more highly coloured than ordinary specimens; but when quite
fresh, before exposure to the sun or immersion in fresh-water, it
is of the deep red here represented.

Fig. 1. Hymenocitapra Usnea,—the natural size. 2. Section of a concep-
tacle. 3. Spores from the same. 4. Cross section of the frond, with im-
bedded tetraspores. 5. A tetraspore:—the latter figures variously mag-
nified.

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Plate CAM

Ser. MrLaNosPERMEs. Fam. Dictyotacea.

Puate. CXIX.
DICTYOTA RADICANS, dar.

Gen. Cuar. Root woolly. Frond flat, linear, membranous, ribless, areo-
late, dichotomous or irregularly cleft. Fructification : spores super-
ficial, either collected in spot-like sori or scattered singly over both
surfaces of the frond.—Dicryora (Zamour.), from Sc«ervov, a-net ;
because the surface, under a lens, has a netted or, rather, a tessellated
appearance.

Radia stuposa.” Frons plana, linearis, membranacea, ecostata, areolata, dichotoma
aut vage fissa. Fruct.: spore superficiales, in soros maculeformes aggregate
v. singulatim per utramque paginam frondis disperse.

Dictryora radicans ; frond not woolly at base, stipitate, rooting by scat-
tered thread-like fibres issuing from the stipes and lamina, dichotomo-
pimnatifid ; segments cuneate, the lateral erect, with narrow sinuses ;
apices very obtuse ; sori scattered, confined to the middle part of the
frond.

D. radicans ; fronde estuposa stipitata, basi fibris crassis sparsis e stipite et lamina
emissis radicante dichotomo-pinnatifida; segmentis cuneatis, lateralibus erectis ;
sinubus angustis, apicibus obtusissimis ; soris effusis, in medio parte frondis
collectis.

Dictyora radicans, Harv. in Trans. R. I. Acad. v. 22. p. 536; Alg. Austr,
Exsic. n. 69.

Has. At Rottnest and Garden Islands, near Fremantle, VW. H. H.

Grocer. Distr. West Australia.

Descr. Root consisting of many, long, simple, thread-like fibres, proceeding
partly from the base of the frond, and partly from the lower parts of the
principal rachides; the fibres as thick as hog’s-bristles, and from 1 to
3 inches long. yond irregularly dichotomous, the segments linear, cu-
neate, much attenuated at base, repeatedly forked, occasionally sub-alter-
nately decompound, 13-3 lines wide, quite entire, erecto-patent, with blunt
axils and tips. The arcoles of the membrane are oblong, 3-4 times longer
than broad; the superficial ced/ules mimute and quadrate. Membrane rather
translucent. The colour is a brownish-olive, paler toward the extremities.
The swbstance is membranaceous, and the frond, when not too old, adheres
moderately to paper in drying.

AR RR ee eee eee

This species, which much resembles some forms of D. dicho-

toma in habit, differs from that and from all others of the genus
Dictyota in wanting the woolly or stupose root; m place of
which it is furnished with more or less abundant fibrils, issuing
without order from the lower portion of the frond, and attaching
themselves to neighbouring Algz. Had these only been found
on one or two individuals, I should probably have taken them
for a mere aberration, but finding them sufficiently constant in
many specimens, collected in different localities and at different
times, I am induced to regard them as an essential character, by
which the present species may be most easily distinguished from
others.

As in D. dichotoma, the frond varies much in breadth, but
scarcely in any other respect. Our figure represents an average
specimen.

Fig. 1. Dicryora raDIcANS,—the natural size. 2. Portion of the membrane,
magnified, to show the reticulation. 8. A cross section of the same, show-
ing the internal structure.

Plate CXX.

Mecent Brecks Imp

Ser. RHODOSPERMES. Fam. Gelidiacea.

Puate CXX.
DICRANEMA GREVILLEI, Sond.

Gen. Cuan. Frond terete, dichotomous, formed of three strata; the me-
dullary stratum of slender, closely packed, longitudinal filaments ; the
intermediate of angular cells, smaller toward the circumference; the
cortical of vertically seriated, minute, coloured cellules. Mructifica-
¢ion: 1, hemispherical conceptacles, containing, within a thick peri-
carp, pedicellate, obovate spores, attached to a parietal fibro-cellular
placenta (formed from the medullary stratum) ; 2, zonate tetraspores,
lodged in the swollen (pod-like) tips of the branches. —D1cranema
(Sond.), from duxpavov, a fork, and vnua, a thread.

Frons teretiuscula, dichotoma, stratis tribus contecta. Stratum medullare ex
filis longitudinalibus tenuibus densis ; intermedium cellulis rotundato-angu-
latis, exterioribus minoribus ; corticale cellulis minimis coloratis verticaliter
seriatis. Fruct.: 1, cystocarpia hemispherica, intra pericarpium crassum
sporas obovatas pedicellatas ad placentam parietalem fibro-cellulosam foventia ;
2, tetraspore zonatim divise, in apicibus tumidis (siliqueformibus) ramorum
nidulantes.

Dicranema Greville: ; frond (8—4 inches long) ultra-setaceous, dicho-
tomo-fastigiate ; axils widely spreading ; apices patent or divaricate ;
conceptacles near the obtusely horn-hke tip ; pod-like tips (of tetra-
spores) erecto-patent.

D. Grevillei ; fronde (8—4-pollicari) ultra-setacea dichotomo-fastigiata ; awxillis
patentibus ; apicibus patentibus v. divaricatis ; conceptaculis ab apice obtuso
parum remotis ; apicibus siliqueformibus tetrasporarum erecto-patentibus.

Dicranema Grevillei, Sond. in Bot. Zeit. 1845, p. 56. Pl. Preiss. v. 2. p. 1738.
J. Ag. Sp. Alg. v. 2. p. 634. Harv. Alg. Austr. Exsic. n. 315.

GRaciLaRia pumila, Grev. Ed. Journ. Nat. Sc. v. 3. p. 338, cum icone.
CystocLoniuM? pumilum, K7itz. Sp. Alg. p. 757.

Has. Australia, Herd. Greville. West Australia, Preiss. Abundant on
Cymodocea antarctica, etc., near Fremantle, and at King George’s
Sound, W. H. H., G. Clifton, ete. South Australia, Dr. Curdie.
Flinders Island, Dr. Milligan.

Grocer. Distr. West and south coasts of Australia.

Descr. Root a minute disc. Fronds densely tufted, 2-4 inches long, thicker
than hog’s-bristle, many times forked, fastigiate, forming nearly globular
tufts. The branching is very regular and uniform, merely varying from
the occasional non-development of one of the arms of the fork; the axils

are wide, but sharp, the branches and ramuli patent or divaricate. The
apices are not remarkably recurved, and only show such a tendency in the
cystocarpic specimens. The tips of those bearing tetraspores are quite
straight, spreading, but not generally recurved, oblong or ovate-oblong.
The cystocarps are near the bluntly acuminate end of the branch; the
spores are obovate, on longish pedicels. Zeé¢raspores zonate, very nume-
rous, lodged in the cortical layer of the pod-like extremities. The colour is
a deep, full red, becoming darker and duller in drying. The sudstance is
rigidly cartilaginous, somewhat horny when dry, and the frond very im-
perfectly adheres to paper in drying.

~

OPP PIED AAI

At Plate LX XIV. is represented another species of Dicranema
closely allied to the present, but of much smaller size, and with
the tips much more strongly hooked. Notwithstanding their
near affinity, I am disposed to regard these Algz as sufficiently
distinct, nor have I yet met with any puzzlingly intermediate
forms between them. Both grow commonly on the hard stems
of the Cymodocea, but while the present is found along the
whole western and southern coasts, the former is very local, and
by me only met with at Cape Riche.

The genus Dicranema, placed by Agardh among Spherococ-
coidee, appears to me to range better with the Gelidiacee, both
because the placentze are parietal, and derived from the medul-
lary filaments, and because the nucleus is composed of pedicel-
late, single spores, not forming moniliform series. To me the
cystocarp appears hike that of a Hypnea, condensed ; differing in
the more columnar form of the placenta, and, consequently, the
more closely-placed spores. The substance of the frond, too, is
of the rigid, half-horny character of the Gelidia, and the dicho-
tomous ramification, though unusual in Gelidiacee, occurs in a
species of Gelidium itself.

Fig. 1. DicraneEMA GREVILLEI,—the natural size. 2. Tips with imbedded
conceptacles. 3. Section of a conceptacle. 4. Spores from the same.
5. Tips with ¢etraspores in the dilated extremities. 6. Cross section,
showing the tetraspores im situ. 7. Tetraspores removed :—the latter
figures variously magnified.

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